{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:58:26Z","timestamp":1790823506410,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Korean Encephalitis and Neuroinflammation Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["encephalitisjournal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["encephalitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>PurposeThis study was performed to identify predictors of poor outcomes in neuroleptospirosis and delineate key clinical, laboratory, and imaging parameters that differentiate it from tuberculous meningitis (TBM).MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 50 patients with neuroleptospirosis and 150 with TBM at a tertiary care center in North India (2021\u20132023). Data on demographics, clinical features, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profiles, and neuroimaging findings were analyzed. Statistical comparisons were performed using independent t-tests and the Fisher exact test.ResultsNeuroleptospirosis patients had significantly lower CSF protein (89.00 \u00b1 63.89 vs 172.00 \u00b1 145.17 mg\/dL, p &lt; 0.001), higher CSF glucose (74.20 \u00b1 30.22 vs 47.00 \u00b1 21.81 mg\/dL, p &lt; 0.001), and fewer magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities (eg, infarct: 2% vs 51%, p &lt; 0.001). Fever, headache, and neck stiffness were less common in neuroleptospirosis (p &lt; 0.001). Age and CSF cell counts showed marginal differences (p = 0.054 and p = 0.071, respectively). Mortality and severe disability were associated with older age, hypoalbuminemia, and delayed hospitalization.ConclusionDistinct CSF profiles and neuroimaging patterns can differentiate neuroleptospirosis from TBM. Early clinical recognition of these parameters should improve diagnostic accuracy and outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.47936\/encephalitis.2025.00073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:21:18Z","timestamp":1764721278000},"page":"8-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47936\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of poor outcomes in neuroleptospirosis and differentiation from tuberculous meningitis: a cross-sectional analysis"],"prefix":"10.47936","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8583-5938","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Dixit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27912","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45059-8_5"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0001051644.93899.98"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(13)70168-6"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"155","volume-title":"Neuroleptospirosis - revisited: experience from a tertiary care neurological centre from south India","author":"Mathew","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(10)70138-9"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61186-6"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.01.011"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02434.x"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(02)11318-3"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36696-3"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15535.1"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"822","volume-title":"Leptospirosis in northern India: a clinical and serological study","author":"Sethi","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2022.06.009"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit458"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.4053"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.47936\/encephalitis.2025.00073.r1","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000}}],"container-title":["encephalitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/encephalitisjournal.org\/upload\/pdf\/encephalitis-2025-00073.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/encephalitisjournal.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.47936\/encephalitis.2025.00073","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/encephalitisjournal.org\/upload\/pdf\/encephalitis-2025-00073.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:40:18Z","timestamp":1767919218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/encephalitisjournal.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.47936\/encephalitis.2025.00073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47936\/encephalitis.2025.00073","relation":{},"ISSN":["2765-4559","2734-1461"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2765-4559","type":"print"},{"value":"2734-1461","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}