{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T21:15:25Z","timestamp":1784582125153,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"University of Bor\u00e5s","issue":"iConf","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction. Deskilling is a long-standing prediction of the use of information technology, raised anew by the increased capabilities of AI (AI) systems. A review of studies of AI applications suggests that deskilling (or levelling of ability) is a common outcome, but systems can also require new skills, i.e., upskilling.\r\nMethod. To identify which settings are more likely to yield deskilling vs. upskilling, we propose a model of a human interacting with an AI system for a task. The model highlights the possibility for a worker to develop and exhibit (or not) skills in prompting for, and evaluation and editing of system output, thus yielding upskilling or deskilling.\r\nFindings. We illustrate these model-predicted effects on work with examples of current studies of AI-based systems.\r\nConclusions. We discuss organizational implications of systems that deskill or upskill workers and suggest future research directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.47989\/ir30iconf47143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T13:58:19Z","timestamp":1741701499000},"page":"1009-1023","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Deskilling and upskilling with AI systems"],"prefix":"10.47989","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Crowston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Bolici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27919","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"container-title":["Information Research an international electronic journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publicera.kb.se\/ir\/article\/download\/47143\/37156","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publicera.kb.se\/ir\/article\/download\/47143\/37156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T13:59:28Z","timestamp":1741701568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publicera.kb.se\/ir\/article\/view\/47143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"iConf","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47989\/ir30iconf47143","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-1613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-1613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]}}}