{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T01:48:14Z","timestamp":1782352094207,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PEDI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:49:57Z","timestamp":1782262197000},"page":"0-0","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early life antibiotic-use and risk of childhood type 1 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study utilising data linkage"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Sharan","family":"Ram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marine","family":"Corbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Eng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Kvalsvig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"'t Mannetje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Douwes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27968","reference":[{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Gomber A, Ward ZJ, Ross C, Owais M, Mita C, et al. 2022. Variation in the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents by world region and country income group: a scoping review. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001099\">PLoS Global Public Health<\/ext-link><\/i> 2(11):e0001099<\/p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001099"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Gong B, Yang W, Xing Y, Lai Y, Shan Z. 2025. Global, regional, and national burden of type 1 diabetes in adolescents and young adults. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-024-03107-5\">Pediatric Research<\/ext-link><\/i> 97(2):568\u2212576<\/p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03107-5"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Gregory GA, Robinson TIG, Linklater SE, Wang F, Colagiuri S, et al. 2022. Global incidence, prevalence, and mortality of type 1 diabetes in 2021 with projection to 2040: a modelling study. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00218-2\">The Lancet Diabetes &amp; Endocrinology<\/ext-link><\/i> 10(10):741\u2212760<\/p>","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00218-2"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Ward ZJ, Yeh JM, Reddy CL, Gomber A, Ross C, et al. 2022. Estimating the total incidence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents aged 0\u201319 years from 1990 to 2050: a global simulation-based analysis. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00276-5\">The Lancet Diabetes &amp; Endocrinology<\/ext-link><\/i> 10(12):848\u2212858<\/p>","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00276-5"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Bauer W, Gyenesei A, Kr\u0119towski A. 2021. The multifactorial progression from the islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes in children. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22147493\">International Journal of Molecular Sciences<\/ext-link><\/i> 22(14):7493<\/p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147493"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Abdellatif AM, Sarvetnick NE. 2019. Current understanding of the role of gut dysbiosis in type 1 diabetes. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1753-0407.12915\">Journal of Diabetes<\/ext-link><\/i> 11(8):632\u2212644<\/p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12915"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Zhou H, Sun L, Zhang S, Zhao X, Gang X, et al. 2020. Evaluating the causal role of gut microbiota in type 1 diabetes and its possible pathogenic mechanisms. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.00125\">Frontiers in Endocrinology<\/ext-link><\/i> 11:125<\/p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00125"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>de Goffau MC, Luopaj\u00e4rvi K, Knip M, Ilonen J, Ruohtula T, et al. 2013. Fecal microbiota composition differs between children with \u03b2-cell autoimmunity and those without. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db12-0526\">Diabetes<\/ext-link><\/i> 62(4):1238\u22121244<\/p>","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0526"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Jamshidi P, Hasanzadeh S, Tahvildari A, Farsi Y, Arbabi M, et al. 2019. Is there any association between gut microbiota and type 1 diabetes? A systematic review. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13099-019-0332-7\">Gut Pathogens<\/ext-link><\/i> 11(1):49<\/p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0332-7"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Davis-Richardson AG, Triplett EW. 2015. A model for the role of gut bacteria in the development of autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-015-3614-8\">Diabetologia<\/ext-link><\/i> 58(7):1386\u22121393<\/p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3614-8"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Tapia G, St\u00f8rdal K, M\u00e5rild K, Kahrs CR, Skrivarhaug T, et al. 2018. Antibiotics, acetaminophen and infections during prenatal and early life in relation to type 1 diabetes. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyy092\">International Journal of Epidemiology<\/ext-link><\/i> 47(5):1538\u22121548<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy092"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Haupt-J\u00f8rgensen M, Morgen CS, Jess T, Buschard K, Josefsen K, et al. 2018. Maternal antibiotic use during pregnancy and type 1 diabetes in children\u2014a national prospective cohort study. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc18-1764\">Diabetes Care<\/ext-link><\/i> 41(12):e155\u2212e157<\/p>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1764"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Kilkkinen A, Virtanen SM, Klaukka T, Kenward MG, Salkinoja-Salonen M, et al. 2006. Use of antimicrobials and risk of type 1 diabetes in a population-based mother\u2013child cohort. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-005-0078-2\">Diabetologia<\/ext-link><\/i> 49(1):66\u221270<\/p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-0078-2"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Hakola L, Lundqvist A, Gissler M, Virta LJ, Virtanen SM, et al. 2025. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to antibiotics and the risk of type 1 diabetes in Finnish children: a registry-based study. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114292\">The Journal of Pediatrics<\/ext-link><\/i> 276:114292<\/p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114292"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Clausen TD, Bergholt T, Bouaziz O, Arpi M, Eriksson F, et al. 2016. Broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment and subsequent childhood type 1 diabetes: a nationwide Danish cohort study. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0161654\">PLoS One<\/ext-link><\/i> 11(8):e0161654<\/p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161654"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Wernroth ML, Fall K, Svennblad B, Ludvigsson JF, Sj\u00f6lander A, et al. 2020. Early childhood antibiotic treatment for otitis media and other respiratory tract infections is associated with risk of type 1 diabetes: a nationwide register-based study with sibling analysis. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc19-1162\">Diabetes Care<\/ext-link><\/i> 43(5):991\u2212999<\/p>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1162"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Antvorskov JC, Morgen CS, Buschard K, Jess T, Allin KH, et al. 2020. Antibiotic treatment during early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes in children: a national birth cohort study. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.13111\">Pediatric Diabetes<\/ext-link><\/i> 21(8):1457\u22121464<\/p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13111"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Cardwell CR, Carson DJ, Patterson CC. 2008. No association between routinely recorded infections in early life and subsequent risk of childhood-onset Type 1 diabetes: a matched case\u2013control study using the UK General Practice Research Database. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2007.02351.x\">Diabetic Medicine<\/ext-link><\/i> 25(3):261\u2212267<\/p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2007.02351.x"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Lee D, Choi S, Chang J, Park YJ, Kim JH, et al. 2022. Association of antibiotics exposure within the first 2 years after birth with subsequent childhood type 1 diabetes. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-022-03042-7\">Endocrine<\/ext-link><\/i> 77(1):21\u221229<\/p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03042-7"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Kemppainen KM, Vehik K, Lynch KF, Larsson HE, Canepa RJ, et al. 2017. Association between early-life antibiotic use and the risk of islet or celiac disease autoimmunity. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.2905\">JAMA Pediatrics<\/ext-link><\/i> 171(12):1217<\/p>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.2905"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Zhou H, Sun L, Zhang S, Zhao X, Gang X, et al. 2021. The crucial role of early-life gut microbiota in the development of type 1 diabetes. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-020-01563-z\">Acta Diabetologica<\/ext-link><\/i> 58(3):249\u2212265<\/p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01563-z"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Fenneman AC, Rampanelli E, Yin YS, Ames J, Blaser MJ, et al. 2020. Gut microbiota and metabolites in the pathogenesis of endocrine disease. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bst20190686\">Biochemical Society Transactions<\/ext-link><\/i> 48(3):915\u2212931<\/p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20190686"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Fenneman AC, Weidner M, Chen LA, Nieuwdorp M, Blaser MJ. 2023. Antibiotics in the pathogenesis of diabetes and inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-022-00685-9\">Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology<\/ext-link><\/i> 20(2):81\u2212100<\/p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00685-9"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Hu Y, Wong FS, Wen L. 2017. Antibiotics, gut microbiota, environment in early life and type 1 diabetes. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.01.034\">Pharmacological Research<\/ext-link><\/i> 119:219\u2212226<\/p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.01.034"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Huang H, Jiang J, Wang X, Jiang K, Cao H. 2024. Exposure to prescribed medication in early life and impacts on gut microbiota and disease development. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102428\">eClinicalMedicine<\/ext-link><\/i> 68:102428<\/p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102428"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Ramirez J, Guarner F, Bustos Fernandez L, Maruy A, Sdepanian VL, et al. 2020. Antibiotics as major disruptors of gut microbiota. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.572912\">Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology<\/ext-link><\/i> 10:572912<\/p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.572912"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Williamson DA, Roos R, Verrall A, Smith A, Thomas MG. 2016. Trends, demographics and disparities in outpatient antibiotic consumption in New Zealand: a national study. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkw345\">Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy<\/ext-link><\/i> 71(12):3593\u22123598<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw345"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Zhang C, Li L, Jin B, Xu X, Zuo X, et al. 2021. The effects of delivery mode on the gut microbiota and health: state of art. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.724449\">Frontiers in Microbiology<\/ext-link><\/i> 12:724449<\/p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.724449"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Korpela K. 2021. Impact of delivery mode on infant gut microbiota. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000518498\">Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism<\/ext-link><\/i> 77:11\u221219<\/p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000518498"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Milne BJ, Atkinson J, Blakely T, Day H, Douwes J, et al. 2019. Data resource profile: the New Zealand integrated data infrastructure (IDI). <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyz014\">International Journal of Epidemiology<\/ext-link><\/i> 48(3):677\u2212677e<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz014"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Milne BJ. 2022. Longitudinal research in <i>Aotearoa<\/i> New Zealand using the Integrated Data Infrastructure: a review. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03036758.2022.2072905\">Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand<\/ext-link><\/i> 52(3):301\u2212312<\/p>","DOI":"10.1080\/03036758.2022.2072905"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Ram S, Corbin M, 't Mannetje A, Eng A, Kvalsvig A, et al. 2025. Antibiotic use <i>in utero<\/i> and early life and risk of chronic childhood conditions in New Zealand: protocol for a data linkage retrospective cohort study. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/66184\">JMIR Research Protocols<\/ext-link><\/i> 14:e66184<\/p>","DOI":"10.2196\/66184"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Nogacka AM, Salazar N, Arboleya S, Su\u00e1rez M, Fern\u00e1ndez N, et al. 2018. Early microbiota, antibiotics and health. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-017-2670-2\">Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences<\/ext-link><\/i> 75(1):83\u221291<\/p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2670-2"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-34","unstructured":"<p>Drugs. com. n.d. <ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug_information.html\">www.drugs.com\/drug_information.html<\/ext-link><\/p>"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>McKergow E, Parkin L, Barson DJ, Sharples KJ, Wheeler BJ. 2017. Demographic and regional disparities in insulin pump utilization in a setting of universal funding: a New Zealand nationwide study. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-016-0912-7\">Acta Diabetologica<\/ext-link><\/i> 54(1):63\u221271<\/p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-016-0912-7"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-36","unstructured":"<p>Ministry of Health. 2016. Health Loss in New Zealand 1990\u20132013: A report from the New Zealand Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study. <i>Report<\/i>. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Health Wellington. <ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.health.govt.nz\/publications\/health-loss-in-new-zealand-1990-2013\">www.health.govt.nz\/publications\/health-loss-in-new-zealand-1990-2013<\/ext-link><\/p>"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-37","unstructured":"<p>Ministry of Health. 2004. Ethnicity data protocols for the health and disability sector. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Health Wellington. <ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz\/assets\/fmhs\/faculty\/tkhm\/tumuaki\/docs\/ethnicity-data-protocols.pdf\">www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz\/assets\/fmhs\/faculty\/tkhm\/tumuaki\/docs\/ethnicity-data-protocols.pdf<\/ext-link><\/p>"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-38","unstructured":"<p>Atkinson J, Salmond C, Crampton P. 2019. NZDep2018 Index of Deprivation, interim research report. <i>Interim Research Report<\/i>. Wellington, New Zealand: University of Otago. <ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.otago.ac.nz\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0025\/327481\/nzdep2018-index-of-deprivation-research-report-interim-dec-2019-730394.pdf\">www.otago.ac.nz\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0025\/327481\/nzdep2018-index-of-deprivation-research-report-interim-dec-2019-730394.pdf<\/ext-link><\/p>"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Nixon G, Whitehead J, Davie G, de Graaf B, Crengle S, et al. 2022. Defining rural in <i>Aotearoa<\/i> New Zealand: a novel geographic classification for health purposes. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26635\/6965.5495\">New Zealand Medical Journal<\/ext-link><\/i> 135(1559):24\u221240<\/p>","DOI":"10.26635\/6965.5495"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Mikkelsen KH, Knop FK, Vilsb\u00f8ll T, Frost M, Hallas J, et al. 2017. Use of antibiotics in childhood and risk of Type 1 diabetes: a population-based case\u2013control study. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.13262\">Diabetic Medicine<\/ext-link><\/i> 34(2):272\u2212277<\/p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13262"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Beier MA, Setoguchi S, Gerhard T, Roy J, Koffman D, et al. 2025. Early childhood antibiotics and chronic pediatric conditions: a retrospective cohort study. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf191\">The Journal of Infectious Diseases<\/ext-link><\/i> 232(3):659\u2212668<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf191"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Brandt S, Thorsen J, Rasmussen MA, Chawes B, B\u00f8nnelykke K, et al. 2025. Use of antibiotics in early life and development of diseases in childhood: nationwide registry study. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjmed-2024-001064\">BMJ Medicine<\/ext-link><\/i> 4(1):e001064<\/p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2024-001064"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Patangia DV, Anthony Ryan C, Dempsey E, Paul Ross R, Stanton C. 2022. Impact of antibiotics on the human microbiome and consequences for host health. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mbo3.1260\">MicrobiologyOpen<\/ext-link><\/i> 11:e1260<\/p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1260"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Schwartz DJ, Langdon AE, Dantas G. 2020. Understanding the impact of antibiotic perturbation on the human microbiome. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13073-020-00782-x\">Genome Medicine<\/ext-link><\/i> 12(1):82<\/p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-00782-x"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Tern\u00e1k G, Ber\u00e9nyi K, Kun S, Szigeti N, Decsi T, et al. 2021. Inverse association between use of broad spectrum penicllin with beta-lactamase inhibitors and prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Europe. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-96301-y\">Scientific Reports<\/ext-link><\/i> 11:16768<\/p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96301-y"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Lathakumari RH, Vajravelu LK, Satheesan A, Ravi S, Thulukanam J. 2024. Antibiotics and the gut microbiome: Understanding the impact on human health. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medmic.2024.100106\">Medicine in Microecology<\/ext-link><\/i> 20:100106<\/p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmic.2024.100106"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Vangay P, Ward T, Gerber JS, Knights D. 2015. Antibiotics, pediatric dysbiosis, and disease. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.006\">Cell Host &amp; Microbe<\/ext-link><\/i> 17(5):553\u2212564<\/p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.006"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Zawada A, Skrzypczak-Zieli\u0144ska M, Gondek S, Witkowski P, Rychter AM, et al. 2024. The role of genetic risk factors, diet, and gut microbiota in type 1 diabetes mellitus, pancreas and pancreatic islet transplantation. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/ep.98903\">Endokrynologia Polska<\/ext-link><\/i> 75:140-147<\/p>","DOI":"10.5603\/ep.98903"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Lin HC, Wang CH, Tsai FJ, Hwang KP, Chen W, et al. 2015. Enterovirus infection is associated with an increased risk of childhood type 1 diabetes in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based cohort study. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-014-3400-z\">Diabetologia<\/ext-link><\/i> 58(1):79\u221286<\/p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3400-z"},{"key":"key-10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"<p>Goff DA, Kullar R, Goldstein EJC, Gilchrist M, Nathwani D, et al. 2017. A global call from five countries to collaborate in antibiotic stewardship: united we succeed, divided we might fail. <i><ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30386-3\">The Lancet Infectious Diseases<\/ext-link><\/i> 17(2):e56\u2212e63<\/p>","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30386-3"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T01:40:21Z","timestamp":1782351621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.maxapress.com\/article\/doi\/10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48130\/pedi-0026-0003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1399-5448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1399-5448","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}