{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T06:37:58Z","timestamp":1789713478220,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent research has thrown considerable doubt on the claim that King George III suffered from variegate porphyria, but indicates that he suffered recurrent attacks of mania as part of his bipolar disorder. George III\u2019s last episode of ill health occurred during the final decade of his life (1810\u201320). This has been diagnosed as chronic mania with an element of dementia. During this period the king was blind and possibly deaf, which may have contributed to his psychiatric condition. His blindness was due to bilateral cataracts; serious consideration was given at the time to surgery, but this was not carried out. The possible contribution of the king\u2019s blindness to his illness is discussed with respect to the roles of his medical attendants. It was also claimed that George III showed progressive deafness and this claim has been re-examined. However, the medical reports by the attending physicians and psychiatrists (mad doctors) do not support this claim.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4997\/jrcpe.2010.116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,15]],"date-time":"2010-03-15T06:29:24Z","timestamp":1268634564000},"page":"81-85","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The blindness, deafness and madness of King George III: psychiatric interactions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"TJ","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Honorary Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity, University of Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Beveridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Psychiatrist, Queen Margaret Hospital, Dunfermline, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-JRCPE.2010.116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1 Macalpine I, Hunter R. The \u2018insanity\u2019 of King George III: a classic case of porphyria. Br Med J 1966; 1:65\u201371. doi:10.1136\/bmj.1.5479.65","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5479.65"},{"key":"bibr2-JRCPE.2010.116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2 Macalpine I, Hunter R, Porphyria in the royal houses of Stuart Rimington C., Hanover, and Prussia. A follow-up study of George III\u2019s illness. Br Med J 1968; 1:7\u201318. doi:10.1136\/bmj.1.5583.7","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5583.7"},{"key":"bibr3-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"3 Porter R. Psychiatry and its history: Hunter and Macalpine. In: de\u00a0Goei L, Vijselaar J, editors. Proceedings of the 1st European Congress on the History of Psychiatry and Mental Health Care. Rotterdam: Erasmus Publishing; 1993. p. 167\u201376."},{"key":"bibr4-JRCPE.2010.116","first-page":"4","volume":"59","author":"Peters TJ.","year":"2009","journal-title":"History Today"},{"key":"bibr5-JRCPE.2010.116","first-page":"63","volume":"97","author":"Peters TJ.","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Montgomeryshire Collections"},{"key":"bibr6-JRCPE.2010.116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6 Peters TJ, Wilkinson D. King George III and porphyria: clinical re-examination of the historical evidence. Hist Psychiatry 2010; in press.","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X09102616"},{"key":"bibr7-JRCPE.2010.116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7 Peters TJ, Beveridge A. The madness of King George III: a psychiatric re-assessment. Hist Psychiatry 2010; in press.","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X09343825"},{"key":"bibr8-JRCPE.2010.116","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"Ray I.","year":"1855","journal-title":"Am J Insanity"},{"key":"bibr9-JRCPE.2010.116","volume-title":"America\u2019s last king. An interpretation of the madness of George III","author":"Guttmacher MS.","year":"1941"},{"key":"bibr10-JRCPE.2010.116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10 Brownstein S. George III: a revised view of the royal malady. J Hist Neurosci 1997; 6:38\u201349. doi:10.1080\/09647049709525684","DOI":"10.1080\/09647049709525684"},{"key":"bibr11-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"11Royal College of Physicians of London archives; Baker papers; 1788; MS 92\u201393."},{"key":"bibr12-JRCPE.2010.116","volume-title":"George III","author":"Wright C.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr13-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"13 Fortescue J, editor. The correspondence of King George III. Vol. I (1760\u201383). London: Macmillan and co.; 1927\u20138. p. 73\u20134."},{"key":"bibr14-JRCPE.2010.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.5-3-275"},{"key":"bibr15-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"15 Ayling S. George the Third. London: Collins; 1972. p. 329\u201345."},{"key":"bibr16-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"16 Ayling S. George the Third. London: Collins; 1972. p. 444\u20137."},{"key":"bibr17-JRCPE.2010.116","volume-title":"George IV Regent and King, 1811\u20131830","author":"Hibbert C.","year":"1975"},{"key":"bibr18-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"18 Munk W. The life of Sir Henry Halford, Bart. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1895."},{"key":"bibr19-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"19Royal College of Physicians of London archives: reports from the Committee appointed to Examine the Physicians who have attended His Majesty during his Illnesses; Touching the State of His Majesty\u2019s Health;1810, 1812; MS 2538\u201343."},{"key":"bibr20-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"20Munk\u2019s Roll, Vol II. London: Royal College of Physicians of London; 1701\u20131800. p. 299."},{"key":"bibr21-JRCPE.2010.116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21 Haslam MT. The Willis family and George III. Hist Psychiatry 1997; 8:539\u201353. doi:10.1177\/0957154X9700803206","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X9700803206"},{"key":"bibr22-JRCPE.2010.116","first-page":"17","volume":"4","author":"Willis C.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Royalty Digest Quarterly"},{"key":"bibr23-JRCPE.2010.116","volume-title":"Lunatic hospitals in Georgian England, 1750\u20131830","author":"Smith L.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr24-JRCPE.2010.116","volume-title":"The royal apothecaries","author":"Matthews LG.","year":"1967"},{"key":"bibr25-JRCPE.2010.116","volume-title":"The Royal College of Surgeons of England. A history","author":"Cope Z.","year":"1959"},{"key":"bibr26-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"26British Library: Willis papers; 1810; add. MS 41736. f. 8\u20139, 25."},{"key":"bibr27-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"27Lambeth Palace Library: Manners-Sutton papers; 1811; MS 2107. f. 71\u20132."},{"key":"bibr28-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"28Lambeth Palace Library: Manners-Sutton papers; 1811; MS 2107. f.133."},{"key":"bibr29-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"29 Macalpine I, Hunter R. George III and the mad-business. London: Allen Lane; 1969."},{"key":"bibr30-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"30 Hibbert C. George III: a personal history. London: Penguin Books; 1998. p. 405."},{"key":"bibr31-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"31Lambeth Palace Library: Manners-Sutton papers; 1817: MS 2132. f. 143."},{"key":"bibr32-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"32Lambeth Palace Library: Manners-Sutton papers; 1819; MS 2137. f. 43."},{"key":"bibr33-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"33Anon. The Georgian era: memoirs of the most eminent persons, who have flourished in Great Britain, from the accession of George the First to the demise of George the Fourth. Vol. 1. London: Vizetelly, Branston and Co; 1831. p. 86."},{"key":"bibr34-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"34Royal College of Physicians of London archives: Halford H. On the treatment of insanity; 1833; MS 2902\u20135."},{"key":"bibr35-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"35 Harding J, editor. Cataract biochemistry, epidemiology and pharmacology. London: Chapman Hall; 1991."},{"key":"bibr36-JRCPE.2010.116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36 Iyengar SK, Klein BE, Klein R  Identification of a major locus for age-related cortical cataract on chromosome 6p12\u2013q12 in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:14485\u2013 90. doi:10.1073\/pnas.0400778101","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400778101"},{"key":"bibr37-JRCPE.2010.116","unstructured":"37 Kirtley DD. The psychology of blindness. 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