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The evidence for osteoporosis in the remote past, its causes, and the management of this disease is reviewed in the light of evolving and improving diagnostic modalities, more precise definitions, and the recent rapid expansion of therapeutic options. While the specific effects of parity and lactation on the development of osteoporosis are still not entirely clear, duration of reproductive span and age at first pregnancy appear to be significant predisposing factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4997\/jrcpe.2013.314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,2]],"date-time":"2013-10-02T07:10:04Z","timestamp":1380697804000},"page":"254-261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The history of osteoporosis: why do Egyptian mummies have porotic bones?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"PJO","family":"Stride","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Consultant Physician, Redcliffe Hospital Brisbane"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Trainee Registrar in Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Kingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Principal House Officer, Department of Orthopaedics, Toowoomba Hospital, Toowoomba, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1999.tb127845.x"},{"key":"bibr2-JRCPE.2013.314","first-page":"100","volume":"55","author":"Goldstein MS.","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr3-JRCPE.2013.314","unstructured":"3World Health Organization. WHO Scientific Group on the assessment of osteoporosis at primary health care level [Interent]. Geneva: WHO; 2007 [cited 2013 July 23]. Available from: www.who.int\/chp\/topics\/osteoporosis.pdf"},{"key":"bibr4-JRCPE.2013.314","first-page":"71","volume":"2","author":"Mays SA.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Osteoporosis in earlier human populations"},{"key":"bibr5-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5 Jergas M, Genant H. Radiology of osteoporosis. In: Marcus R, Feldman D et al (editors). Osteoporosis. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2008. pp. 1461\u20134. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-012370544-0.50063-X","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012370544-0.50063-X"},{"key":"bibr6-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.6.1012"},{"key":"bibr7-JRCPE.2013.314","first-page":"735","volume":"334","author":"Frigo P","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr8-JRCPE.2013.314.1","unstructured":"8 Haig C. Estimating osteological health in ancient Egyptian bone via applications of modern radiological technology [Internet]. University of Sheffield Graduate Student Journal of Archaeology 2000"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr8-JRCPE.2013.314.2","unstructured":"5 [cited 2012 Feb 26]. Available from: http:\/\/www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk\/5\/haigh.html."},{"key":"bibr9-JRCPE.2013.314","first-page":"20","volume":"79","author":"Meikle M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"bibr10-JRCPE.2013.314","unstructured":"10 Lobstein J. Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie. Stuttgart: Thieme; Vol 2; 1835. German."},{"key":"bibr11-JRCPE.2013.314","first-page":"602","volume":"2","author":"Wilks S.","year":"1864","journal-title":"Reviews and notices"},{"key":"bibr12-JRCPE.2013.314","first-page":"330","volume":"1","author":"Partridge R.","year":"1865","journal-title":"Reports of societies"},{"key":"bibr13-JRCPE.2013.314","first-page":"377","volume":"60","author":"Kyes P","year":"1934","journal-title":"Physiological marrow ossification in female pigeons"},{"key":"bibr14-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14 Albright F, Smith P, Postmenopausal osteoporosis Richardson A., its clinical features. 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Lisboa: Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Patrim\u00f3nio Cultural: 1992. pp. 259\u201395."},{"key":"bibr22-JRCPE.2013.314","unstructured":"22 Agarwal S, Glencross B, Beauchesne  P.Bone growth, maintenance and loss in the Neolithic Community of \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck, Turkey: preliminary results. UC Berkeley: Archaeological Research Facility Laboratory Reports 2011."},{"key":"bibr23-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23 Perzigian AJ. Osteoporotic bone loss in two prehistoric Indian populations Am J Phys Anthropol 1973; 39:87\u201395. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330390110","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330390110"},{"key":"bibr24-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24 Kneissel M, Boyde A, Hahan M  Age and sex dependent cancellous bone changes in a 4000y BP population. 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Benzodiazepines and the risk of hip fractures in older people: a review of the evidence. CNS Drugs 2003; 17: 825\u201337. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2165\/00023210-200317110-00004","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200317110-00004"},{"key":"bibr41-JRCPE.2013.314","unstructured":"41 Parsons M. Childbirth and children in ancient Egypt. A feature tour of Egypt story [Internet]. Egypt: Tour Egypt [cited 2012 May]. Available from: http:\/\/www.touregypt.net\/featurestories\/mothers.htm"},{"key":"bibr42-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42 Purdie DW, Aaron J, Selby P. Bone histology and mineral homeostasis in human pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988; 95:849\u201354. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1988.tb06568.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1988.tb06568.x"},{"key":"bibr43-JRCPE.2013.314","first-page":"99","volume":"57","author":"Ensom MH","year":"2002","journal-title":"Effect of pregnancy on bone mineral density in healthy women"},{"key":"bibr44-JRCPE.2013.314","first-page":"347","volume":"1","author":"Bowman BM","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"key":"bibr45-JRCPE.2013.314","unstructured":"45 Li HL, [Relationship between the age of menarche Zhu HM., factors menopause and other and postmenopausal osteoporosis]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2005; 40:796\u20138. Chinese."},{"key":"bibr46-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46 Tuppurainen M, Kroger H, Honkanen   R Risks of perimenopausal fractures\u2013 a prospective population-based study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1995; 4:624\u20138. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3109\/00016349509013475","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349509013475"},{"key":"bibr47-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47 Sioka C, Fotopoulos A, Georgio A  Age at menarche, age at menopause and duration of fertility as risk factors for osteoporosis. Climacteric 2010; 13:63\u201371. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3109\/13697130903075337","DOI":"10.3109\/13697130903075337"},{"key":"bibr48-JRCPE.2013.314","first-page":"1440","volume":"90","author":"Turan V.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Grand-grand multiparity (more than 10 deliveries) does not convey a risk for osteoporosis"},{"key":"bibr49-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49 Hoffman S, Grisso JA, Kelsey JL  Parity, lactation and hip fracture. Osteoporos Int 1993; 3:171\u20136. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01623672","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623672"},{"key":"bibr50-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"50 Cure CC, Ramirez PC, Osteoporosis Lopez-Jaramillo P., pregnancy, and lactation. Lancet 1998; 392:1227\u20138. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)60572-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)60572-7"},{"key":"bibr51-JRCPE.2013.314","first-page":"1588","volume":"26","author":"Sadat-Ali M","year":"2005","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"bibr52-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52 Ward KA, Adams JE, Roberts SA  Postpartum bone status in teenage mothers assessed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. J Clin Densitom 2009; 12: 219\u201323. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocd.2009.01.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2009.01.001"},{"key":"bibr53-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53 Cho GJ, Shin JH, Yi KW  Adolescent pregnancy is associated with osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2011; 19:456\u201360. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1097\/gme.0b013e3182337150","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3182337150"},{"key":"bibr54-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"54 Laskey MA, Prentice A. Effect of pregnancy on recovery of lactational bone loss. Lancet 1997; 349: 1518\u20139. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)62097-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)62097-1"},{"key":"bibr55-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"55 Eisman J. Relevance of pregnancy and lactation to osteoporosis? Lancet 1998; 352; 504\u20135. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)79245-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)79245-X"},{"key":"bibr56-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56 Cumming RG, Breastfeeding Klineberg RJ., reproductive other factors and the risk of hip fractures in elderly women. Int J Epidemiol 1993; 22:684\u201391. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/22.4.684","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/22.4.684"},{"key":"bibr57-JRCPE.2013.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"57 Lenora J, Lekamwasam S, Karlsson MK. Effects of multiparity and prolonged breast-feeding on maternal bone mineral density: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Women\u2019s Health 2009; 9:19. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6874-9-19","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-9-19"},{"key":"bibr58-JRCPE.2013.314","first-page":"121","volume":"32","author":"Singh A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad"},{"key":"bibr59-JRCPE.2013.314","unstructured":"59Australian Bureau of Statistics. Births, summary statistics for Australia [Internet]. [cited 2013 July 23]. Available from: www.abs.gov.au\/asusstats\/abs@.nsf\/mf\/3301.0"},{"key":"bibr60-JRCPE.2013.314","unstructured":"60Institut National d\u2019Etude Demographiques. Age at first menstruation [Internet]. [cited 2013 July 23]. Avilable from: www.ined.fr\/en\/teaching_kits\/population_of_france\/age_first_menstruation\/"},{"key":"bibr61-JRCPE.2013.314","unstructured":"61 Evers JL, Heineman MJ. Gynecology: a clinical atlas. 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