{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T13:55:21Z","timestamp":1778075721467,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although Renaissance artists were skilled in representing normal anatomy, a close look at some paintings reveals anatomical variations in the depiction of the feet of human figures. A systematic review has identified 25 paintings by five artists in which the presumptive medico-artistic diagnosis of congenital or acquired foot deformity seems to be varyingly present. The connection between these five painters and what factors have influenced artists\u2019 style in the depiction of such deformities is discussed. The possible iconography and medical\u2013historical meaning of such variations, as well as the possibility of artistic licence and real representation that drove the painters to depict these deformities, is explored and debated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4997\/jrcpe.2015.409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,24]],"date-time":"2017-04-24T10:33:11Z","timestamp":1493029991000},"page":"289-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Foot deformities in Renaissance paintings. A mystery of symbolism, artistic licence, illusion and true representation in five renowned Renaissance painters"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"D","family":"Lazzeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant, Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Villa Salaria Clinic, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MF","family":"Castello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant, Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Villa Salaria Clinic, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Grassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Marche Polytechnic University Medical School, University Hospital of Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Dashti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visiting Consultant, Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Villa Salaria Clinic, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"YX","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Chief of the Division of Reconstructive Microsurgery, Assistant Chief of the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Persichetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Marche Polytechnic University Medical School, University Hospital of Ancona, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-jrcpe.2015.409","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7276.1622"},{"key":"bibr2-jrcpe.2015.409","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-185X.2011.01622.x"},{"key":"bibr3-jrcpe.2015.409","unstructured":"Cantini A. Two further cases of polydactyly in Raphael's paintings. Should a systematic survey be warranted? BMJ 2001. http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/rapid-response\/2011\/10\/28\/two-further-cases-polydactyly-raphaels-paintings-should-systematic-survey- (accessed 5\/8\/15)."},{"key":"bibr4-jrcpe.2015.409","unstructured":"Fernandez-Menendez JM. Further cases of polydactyly in Raphael's work. BMJ 2001. http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/rapid-response\/2011\/10\/28\/further-cases-polydactyly-raphaels-work (accessed 5\/8\/15)."},{"key":"bibr5-jrcpe.2015.409","unstructured":"Niyazi H. 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