{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:03:54Z","timestamp":1777892634705,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>During the late fifteenth century a new category of medical practitioner appeared in the German-speaking lands of the Holy Roman Empire: the Franzosenarzt or French pox doctor. Until now, there has been no dedicated study of these practitioners. Through an analysis of municipal records from Nuremberg (circa 1495 to 1560), this paper offers the first dedicated investigation of the Franzosen\u00e4rzte in this city, focusing on uncovering their relationships with Nuremberg's civic and medical hierarchies. It demonstrates why the Franzosen\u00e4rzte gained a footing within the city's municipal healthcare system, but remained subject to the suspicions of the civic and medical authorities. These suspicions, combined with a competitive medical marketplace and Nuremberg's economic difficulties, precipitated the disappearance of the Franzosen\u00e4rzte from the city around 1557. Nevertheless, for a brief moment, the Franzosen\u00e4rzte's practical expertise in treating the French pox unsettled Nuremberg's nascent medical hierarchy and the ambitions of the city's physicians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4997\/jrcpe.2021.123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T15:26:09Z","timestamp":1620833169000},"page":"91-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Practice and Power: The Rise and Disappearance of the\n                    <i>franzosen\u00e4rzte<\/i>\n                    , or Doctors of the French Pox, in Nuremberg, 1495\u20131560"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Monica Catherine","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Teaching Assistant, University of Glasgow"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-jrcpe.2021.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198819660.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr2-jrcpe.2021.123","volume-title":"Negotiating the French Pox in Early Modern Germany","author":"Stein C","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr3-jrcpe.2021.123","volume-title":"The Great Pox: The French Disease in Renaissance Europe","author":"Arrizabalaga J","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr4-jrcpe.2021.123","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"Moore M","year":"1935","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"bibr5-jrcpe.2021.123","volume-title":"History of Syphilis","author":"Qu\u00e9tel C","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr6-jrcpe.2021.123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00fctte R. Syphilis and Confinement: Hospitals in Early Modern Germany. In: Finzsch N, J\u00fctte R (editors).Institutions of Confinement: Hospitals, Asylums, and Prisons in Western Europe and North America, 1500-1950 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1996. p.97\u2013115.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139052535.008"},{"key":"bibr7-jrcpe.2021.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230298071"},{"key":"bibr8-jrcpe.2021.123","unstructured":"Maximilian I. \u2018Kgl. Mandat gegen gottesl\u00e4sterung', Worms, 7 August 1495. In: Angermeier H (editor).Deutsche Reichstagsakten Unter Maximilian I G\u00f6ttingen; 1981. p.575."},{"key":"bibr9-jrcpe.2021.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01844349"},{"key":"bibr10-jrcpe.2021.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02076102"},{"key":"bibr11-jrcpe.2021.123","first-page":"113","volume":"35","author":"Uhlig P","year":"1942","journal-title":"Sudhoffs Arch"},{"key":"bibr12-jrcpe.2021.123","first-page":"301","volume":"30","author":"Uhlig P","year":"1938","journal-title":"Sudhoffs Arch"},{"key":"bibr13-jrcpe.2021.123","first-page":"264","volume":"28","author":"Uhlig P","year":"1935","journal-title":"Sudhoffs Arch"},{"key":"bibr14-jrcpe.2021.123","volume-title":"Reforming Medicine in Sixteenth Century Nuremberg","author":"Murphy HS","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr15-jrcpe.2021.123","volume-title":"Nuremberg in the Sixteenth Century: City Politics and Life Between Middle Ages and Modern Times","author":"Strauss G","year":"1976"},{"key":"bibr16-jrcpe.2021.123","author":"Fleischmann P","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neustadt an der Aisch;"},{"key":"bibr17-jrcpe.2021.123","unstructured":"Murphy HS. Supplications and Civic Rule in Sixteenth-Century Nuremberg [Internet]. The Many-Headed Monster. 25 November 2016 [cited February 2020]. Available from: https:\/\/manyheadedmonster.wordpress.com\/2016\/11\/25\/supplications-and-civic-rule-in-sixteenth-century-nuremberg\/"},{"key":"bibr18-jrcpe.2021.123","unstructured":"Staatsarchiv N\u00fcrnberg, Ratsverl\u00e4sse.1495."},{"key":"bibr19-jrcpe.2021.123","unstructured":"Renner F. Ein new wolgegr\u00fcndet n\u00fctzlichs und haylsams Handtb\u00fcchlein. Nuremberg;1559."},{"key":"bibr20-jrcpe.2021.123","unstructured":"Rostinio P. Newer au\u00dff\u00fchrlicher unnd nutzlicher Tractat Von den Frantzosen. Frankfurt am Main;1626."},{"key":"bibr21-jrcpe.2021.123","unstructured":"Knobloch T. Die lue venere, von Frantzosen kurtzer Bericht. 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Vniuersis littera[rum] Patronis in Epidimica[m] scabiem que passim toto orbe grassat[ur] vacitiniu[m] dicat Nuremberg; 1496."},{"key":"bibr25-jrcpe.2021.123","volume-title":"The Politics and Poetics of Morbus Gallicus in the German Lands (1495-1520)","author":"Savinetskaya I","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr26-jrcpe.2021.123","unstructured":"Stadtarchiv N\u00fcrnberg, D15 S14\/15.1500."},{"key":"bibr27-jrcpe.2021.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvmd8371"},{"key":"bibr28-jrcpe.2021.123","volume-title":"Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe","author":"Lindemann M","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr29-jrcpe.2021.123","unstructured":"Neufassung der Medizinalordnung. 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