{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:04:43Z","timestamp":1777892683420,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pakistan is one of the endemic regions for typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever. This study aimed to identify the evolving antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of Salmonella species causing enteric fever and its implications on the clinical prescribing of antimicrobials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective descriptive study conducted at a university hospital. Antimicrobial resistance was defined in terms of non-resistant, multidrug resistant (MDR) and extended drug resistant (XDR) as per WHO guidance. Data were collected from the years 2009 and 2019. Chi squared was applied to test for statistical significance (p &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 200 patients (100 from 2009 and 100 from 2019) were included in the study. Non-resistant enteric fever cases reduced from 100% in 2009 to 44% in 2019, whereas the MDR and XDR enteric fever cases increased to 16% and 40%, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Cross tabulation carried out for individual drugs showed an independent rise in the sensitivities of individual first-line antimicrobials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistant enteric fever has become a big challenge for Pakistan. The choice of antibiotic prescription has narrowed down to broader spectrum antimicrobials making it difficult to treat, leading to increased morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4997\/jrcpe.2021.206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]],"date-time":"2021-06-19T13:05:56Z","timestamp":1624107956000},"page":"129-132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antimicrobial Sensitivity Patterns of Enteric Fever in Pakistan: A Comparison of Years 2009 and 2019"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Khurram","family":"Saleem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University College of Medicine, The University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Clinical Fellow, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aqeela","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Registrar Medicine, Department of Medicine, University College of Medicine, The University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-jrcpe.2021.206","unstructured":"Typhoid. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/diseases\/typhoid\/en\/ (accessed 04\/10\/20)."},{"key":"bibr2-jrcpe.2021.206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0032"},{"key":"bibr3-jrcpe.2021.206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S204618"},{"key":"bibr4-jrcpe.2021.206","unstructured":"About Antibiotic Resistance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugresistance\/about.html (accessed 04\/10\/20)."},{"key":"bibr5-jrcpe.2021.206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006779"},{"key":"bibr6-jrcpe.2021.206","volume":"11","author":"Patel SR","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"bibr7-jrcpe.2021.206","volume":"364","author":"Parry CM","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"bibr8-jrcpe.2021.206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy205"},{"key":"bibr9-jrcpe.2021.206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0139"},{"key":"bibr10-jrcpe.2021.206","first-page":"9","author":"Klemm EJ","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"bibr11-jrcpe.2021.206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.1405"},{"key":"bibr12-jrcpe.2021.206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(07)80136-5"},{"key":"bibr13-jrcpe.2021.206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2003.10.015"},{"key":"bibr14-jrcpe.2021.206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004947550003000404"},{"key":"bibr15-jrcpe.2021.206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.4379"},{"key":"bibr16-jrcpe.2021.206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-016-0121-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4997\/jrcpe.2021.206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4997\/jrcpe.2021.206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:34:34Z","timestamp":1777617274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.4997\/jrcpe.2021.206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.4997\/jrcpe.2021.206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4997\/jrcpe.2021.206","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-2715","2042-8189"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-2715","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-8189","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}}}