{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T07:31:01Z","timestamp":1786692661597,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Occupational Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Handwriting is a critical skill for school success. Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) often present with fine motor and visual\u2013motor impairments that can affect handwriting performance, yet handwriting skills have not been systematically investigated in this clinical group. This study aimed to comprehensively describe handwriting skills in 20 school-age children with FASD. Children were tested with the Process Assessment of the Learner, 2nd Edition (PAL\u2013II), and the Visuomotor Precision subtest of NEPSY, a developmental neuropsychological assessment. Participants performed below average on PAL\u2013II measures of handwriting legibility and speed and on NEPSY visual\u2013motor precision tasks. In contrast, PAL\u2013II measures of sensorimotor skills were broadly within the average range. Results provide evidence of functional handwriting challenges for children with FASD and suggest diminished visual\u2013motor skills and increased difficulty as task complexity increases. Future research is needed to further describe the prevalence and nature of handwriting challenges in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2013.008243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,26]],"date-time":"2013-08-26T19:36:13Z","timestamp":1377545773000},"page":"534-542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Functional Handwriting Performance in School-Age Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Cherie J.","family":"Duval-White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cherie J. Duval-White, MS, OTR\/L, is Staff Occupational Therapist, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, Seattle. At the time of the study, she was Graduate Student, Master of Science Program, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Jirikowic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tracy Jirikowic, PhD, OTR\/L, is Assistant Professor, Division of Occupational Therapy, Box 356490, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianne","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dianne Rios, ScD, OTR\/L, is Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Deitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jean Deitz, PhD, OTR\/L, FAOTA, is Professor Emeritus, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather Carmichael","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heather Carmichael Olson, PhD, is Senior Lecturer, Division of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute and University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"557","article-title":"Patterns of cognitive\u2013motor development in children with fetal alcohol syndrome from a community in South Africa","volume":"25","author":"Adnams C. 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