{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T07:27:48Z","timestamp":1786692468298,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Occupational Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Importance:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Identifying cognitive or physical limitations that contribute to difficulties in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) is critical for adequate intervention with community-dwelling older adults with cognitive decline.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To establish the validity and responsiveness of an IADL scale based on the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health<\/jats:italic>\n                    (the ICF\u2013IADL) with respect to both cognitive and physical limitations.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Cross-sectional study.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Setting:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Multiple community care and senior centers.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Participants:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Eighty-two older adults.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Intervention:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Combination of physical exercise and cognitive training.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Measures:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Five criterion measures\u2014Lawton IADL Scale, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSS), Word Lists Test (WLT), and Timed Up and Go Test (TUG).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The ICF\u2013IADL\u2019s three summary scales\u2014Disability Index (DI), Cognitive Disability Index (CDI), and Physical Disability Index (PDI)\u2014had good concurrent validity with the Lawton IADL Scale. The DI and CDI had moderate to good associations with the MoCA. The DI\u2019s and CDI\u2019s predictive validity for scores on the Lawton IADL Scale, MoCA, and TUG was moderate to good and that of the PDI was fair. Responsiveness was large for the DI, moderate for the CDI, and small for the PDI.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Relevance:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The ICF\u2013IADL can be used to measure disability in IADLs related to cognitive and physical limitations. The DI and CDI were better than the PDI in predicting outcomes in general cognitive function and dynamic balance and were more responsive to change after intervention than the PDI.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>What This Article Adds:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The ICF\u2013IADL addresses both cognitive and physical limitations and can be a valid assessment of IADLs. Occupational therapists can use it to determine difficulties in IADLs and causes of those difficulties, guide treatment planning, and monitor intervention effectiveness with community-dwelling older adults with cognitive decline.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2020.039354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T18:30:34Z","timestamp":1602268234000},"page":"1266-1274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Psychometric Evaluation of an\n                    <i>ICF<\/i>\n                    -Based Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Assessment With Older Adults With Cognitive Decline"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"I-Ching","family":"Chuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"I-Ching Chuang, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, and Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Chuin","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wen-Chuin Hsu, MD, MPH, MS, is Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, and Chair, Dementia Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chia-Ling Chen, MD, PhD, is Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Chair, Graduate Institute of Early Intervention, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yih-Ru","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yih-Ru Wu, MD, is Professor, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and Clinical Professor, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Yan","family":"Chiau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hui-Yan Chiau, PhD, is Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ching-Yi Wu, ScD, is Distinguished Professor and Chair, Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, and Chair, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, and Researcher, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. 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