{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T07:31:48Z","timestamp":1786692708107,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Occupational Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Importance:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Handwriting legibility and speed assessments have a critical role in identifying and evaluating handwriting problems, which are common among children.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The objective was to evaluate the psychometric properties and clinical utility of handwriting assessments for children ages 3 to 16 yr.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Data Sources:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A systematic review was conducted in CINAHL, PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and education databases, with no time limits. The search strategy included a combination of the following keywords:\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">handwriting, write, children, assessment,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">validity.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The exclusion criteria were assessment tools that were electronic, that focused on cognitive components of handwriting, or that only evaluated alphabets other than Latin.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Study Selection and Data Collection:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The systematic review was carried out on the basis of the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. The protocol was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Findings:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The 14 included instruments had a total sample of 4,987 children. Internal consistency ranged from moderate (.73; Writing Readiness Inventory Tool in Context) to high (.98; Letter Writing). The interexaminer reliability values of the 11 direct assessment instruments ranged from .77 (Systematic Screening for Handwriting Difficulties) to 1.00 (Handwriting Speed Test).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Relevance:<\/jats:bold>\n                    In this systematic review, existing tools were evaluated by clinical utility and the quality of psychometric properties. Direct assessments showed good psychometric properties. Indirect and self-assessment tools demonstrated poor psychometric properties. Further research on screening tools and tools in other languages is needed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>What This Article Adds:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Specific learning disorders (e.g., dysgraphia) negatively affect academic learning and, when prolonged in time, self-concept. However, handwriting legibility and speed assessments could be used to identify and evaluate these learning disorders if an early referral to occupational therapy is carried out.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2023.050174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T06:47:54Z","timestamp":1698216474000},"page":"896-904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Functional Assessment of Handwriting Among Children: A Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Vico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Roc\u00edo Vico, OTD, OTR\/L, is PhD Candidate, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Andaluc\u00eda, Spain, and Occupational Therapist, Department of Occupational Therapy, Hospital Juan Ram\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez, Andalusian Public Health Service, Huelva, Andaluc\u00eda, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jaime Mart\u00edn, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Department of Human Anatomy, Legal and Forensic Medicine Area, University of Malaga, Malaga, Andaluc\u00eda, Spain, and Researcher, Malaga Institute of Biomedical Research, Malaga, Andaluc\u00eda, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manuel Gonz\u00e1lez, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Andaluc\u00eda, Spain, and Researcher, Malaga Institute of Biomedical Research, Malaga, Andaluc\u00eda, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","volume-title":"Retroalimentaci\u00f3n y aprendizaje motor: Influencia de las acciones realizadas de forma previa a la recepci\u00f3n del conocimiento de los resultados en el aprendizaje y la retenci\u00f3n de habilidades motrices","author":"Batalla A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Batalla A. 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