{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T07:31:30Z","timestamp":1786692690444,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Occupational Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assist with aging in place, occupational therapy practitioners consider a range of factors that can affect future functional ability. Engagement in volunteering has often been associated with improved future functional ability, but the effect of total helping hours inclusive of volunteering and informal helping has received less attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine whether total hours helping others, inclusive of formal volunteering and informal helping, was associated with better future functional status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Time-to-event analysis (Cox regression) was conducted on data collected between May 2015 and August 2023 from the Understanding America Study (UAS), a U.S. internet-based longitudinal panel.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      UAS participants age 65 yr and older who did not report difficulties with activities of daily living (ADLs) at baseline (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 2,434).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measures:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Measures used included self-reports of ADL status, total hours helping others (i.e., volunteering, informal helping), an approximate indicator of physical capacity (i.e., level of engagement in moderate physical activity), an approximation of mental capacity (i.e., speed of digital device use), and self-reports of preexisting conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More hours helping others was associated with a subsequently lower risk of developing ADL difficulty at older ages, but the effect was no longer significant after accounting for differences in baseline cognitive capacity, physical capacity, and preexisting conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest that past helping behaviors may influence future functional status by improving intrinsic capacity and general health. To support aging in place, occupational therapy practitioners may consider encouraging older adult clients to engage in more hours formally or informally helping others.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2026.051162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:30:58Z","timestamp":1769193058000},"page":"380-388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examination of Total Hours of Volunteering or Informal Helping Among Older Adults and Risk of Future Functional Disability Using Data From a Large Panel Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Raymond","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Raymond Hernandez, PhD, OTR\/L, is Research Associate, Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stefan Schneider, PhD, is Senior Research Scientist, Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research and Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Orriens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bart Orriens, PhD, is Managing IT Director, Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Zelinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elizabeth Zelinski, PhD, is Professor, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1302811"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S104807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037610"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2012.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-04969-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15394492241304323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.08.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","unstructured":"Davey J. 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