{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,25]],"date-time":"2024-08-25T13:10:19Z","timestamp":1724591419250},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Rambam Health Corporation","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rambam Maimonides Med J"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a rich history of surgery for cardiac arrhythmias, spanning from atrial fibrillation and Wolff\u2013Parkinson\u2013White syndrome to inappropriate sinus tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia. This review describes the history of these operations, their evolution over time, and the current state of practice. We devote considerable time to the discussion of atrial fibrillation, the most common cardiac arrhythmia addressed by surgeons. We discuss ablation of atrial fibrillation as a stand-alone operation and as a concomitant operation performed at the time of cardiac surgery. We also discuss the emergence of newer procedures to address atrial fibrillation in the past decade, such as the convergent procedure and totally thoracoscopic ablation, and their outcomes relative to historic approaches such as the Cox maze procedure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5041\/rmmj.10516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,21]],"date-time":"2024-01-21T07:13:30Z","timestamp":1705821210000},"page":"e0002","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surgery for Cardiac Arrhythmias: Past, Present, Future"],"prefix":"10.5041","volume":"15","author":[{"name":"1University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Waterford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niv","family":"Ad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Baltimore, Maryland, USA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2983","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-0679(00)70010-4","article-title":"The development of the maze procedure for the treatment of atrial fibrillation","volume":"12","author":"Cox","year":"2000","unstructured":"1. Cox JL, Schuessler RB, Boineau JP. The development of the maze procedure for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 12:2-14.","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2. Cox JL, Churyla A, Malaisrie SC, et al. When is a maze procedure a maze procedure? Can J Cardiol 2018;34:1482-91.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.05.008"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2018.08.007","article-title":"The electrophysiologic basis for lesions of the contemporary Maze operation","volume":"157","author":"Cox","year":"2019","unstructured":"3. Cox JL, Malaisrie SC, Kislitsina ON, McCarthy PM. The electrophysiologic basis for lesions of the contemporary Maze operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019;157:584-90.","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4. Ad N, Holmes SD, Friehling T. Minimally invasive stand-alone Cox maze procedure for persistent and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation: perioperative safety and 5-year outcomes. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2017;10:e005352.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.117.005352"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivs136","article-title":"Epicardial left atrial appendage clip occlusion also provides the electrical isolation of the left atrial appendage","volume":"15","author":"Starck","year":"2012","unstructured":"5. Starck CT, Steffel J, Emmert MY, et al. Epicardial left atrial appendage clip occlusion also provides the electrical isolation of the left atrial appendage. 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Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2020;13:e009288."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivy203","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the convergent atrial fibrillation procedure: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"28","author":"Luo","year":"2019","unstructured":"8. Luo X, Li B, Zhang D, Zhu J, Qi L, Tang Y. Efficacy and safety of the convergent atrial fibrillation procedure: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2019;28:169-76.","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2016.10.076","article-title":"The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2017 clinical practice guidelines for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillartion","volume":"103","author":"Badhwar","year":"2017","unstructured":"9. Badhwar V, Rankin JS, Damiano RJ Jr, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2017 clinical practice guidelines for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillartion. Ann Thorac Surg 2017;103:329-41.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2017.05.016","article-title":"Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation in the United States: trends and propensity matched outcomes","volume":"104","author":"Badhwar","year":"2017","unstructured":"10. Badhwar V, Rankin JS, Ad N, et al. Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation in the United States: trends and propensity matched outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg 2017;104:493-500.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2018.08.022","article-title":"Surgical atrial fibrillation ablation improves long-term survival: a multicenter analysis","volume":"107","author":"Iribarne","year":"2019","unstructured":"11. 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Patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing cardiac surgery: no left atrial appendage shall remain untouched. Innovations (Phila) 2021;16:301-2.","journal-title":"Innovations (Phila)"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/15569845221123796","article-title":"Prophylactic left atrial appendage exclusion in cardiac surgery patients with elevated CHA2DS2-VASc score: results of the randomized ATLAS trial","volume":"17","author":"Gerdisch","year":"2022","unstructured":"16. Gerdisch MW, Garrett HE, Mumtaz MA, et al. Prophylactic left atrial appendage exclusion in cardiac surgery patients with elevated CHA2DS2-VASc score: results of the randomized ATLAS trial. 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