{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T18:23:03Z","timestamp":1781720583864,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Rambam Health Corporation","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rambam Maimonides Med J"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Xerostomia, or dry mouth, often intensifies oral health problems like dental caries and periodontitis. Smoking is a key factor influencing salivary flow, potentially leading to these issues. This study assesses the prevalence of xerostomia and reduced salivary flow (hyposalivation) among smokers.\n\nMaterials and Methods: As case and control groups, the study groups include 150 smokers and 150 healthy non-smokers. A detailed questionnaire was used to collect data on smoking behaviors and symptoms associated with xerostomia. A modified Schirmer test was conducted at 1, 2, and 3-minute intervals to measure unstimulated salivary flow. Descriptive statistics were calculated for age, sex, type, frequency, and duration of smoking. The Mann\u2013Whitney test was done to compare the salivary flow between smokers and non-smokers and to compare smoking parameters with salivary flow. Correlation was also determined for salivary flow with age and smoking parameters.\n\nResults: All the smokers were males, and most were cigarette smokers (86%). Xerostomia symptoms were reported by 19% of smokers and none by non-smokers, which was statistically significant (P&lt;0.000). Salivary flow rates at 1, 2, and 3 minutes were significantly lower in smokers than in non-smokers. A comparison between the frequency and duration of smoking and salivary flow yielded statistically significant P values of 0.005 and 0.043, respectively. There was a weak negative correlation between age, frequency of smoking, duration of smoking, and salivary flow.\n\nConclusion: This study found a clear association between long-term smoking and xerostomia, with a notable decrease in unstimulated salivary flow. This highlights the adverse effect of smoking on oral health, which could be used in effective counseling for tobacco cessation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5041\/rmmj.10556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T11:41:01Z","timestamp":1761910861000},"page":"e0021","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating the Association Between Smoking and Hyposalivation: A Case\u2013Control Analysis"],"prefix":"10.5041","volume":"16","author":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambrose Winnifred","family":"Christy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh Kumar","family":"Bavesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Jones Raja","family":"Devathambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajasekaran","family":"Thanigainathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2983","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2000.tb00554.x","article-title":"Saliva in health and disease: an appraisal and update","volume":"50","author":"Sreebny","year":"2000","unstructured":"1. Sreebny LM. Saliva in health and disease: an appraisal and update. Int Dent J 2000;50:140-61.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"2. Nozad-Mojaver Y, Mirazee M, Jafarzadeh A. Synergistic effects of cigarette smoke and saliva. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2009;14:217-21. PMID:19218903"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"3. Dyasanoor S, Saddu SC. Association of xerostomia and assessment of salivary flow using Modified Schirmer Test among smokers and healthy individuals: a preliminutesary study. J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8:211-13."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.4321\/S1130-01082004001100005","article-title":"Unstimulated salivary flow rate, pH, and buffer capacity of saliva in healthy volunteers","volume":"96","author":"Fenoll-Palomares","year":"2004","unstructured":"4. Fenoll-Palomares C, Mu\u00f1oz Montagud JV, Sanchiz V, et al. Unstimulated salivary flow rate, pH, and buffer capacity of saliva in healthy volunteers. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2004;96:773-83.","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8177(87)54012-0","article-title":"Subjective reports of xerostomia and objective measures of salivary gland performance","volume":"115","author":"Fox","year":"1987","unstructured":"5. Fox PC, Busch KA, Baum BJ. Subjective reports of xerostomia and objective measures of salivary gland performance. J Dent Assoc 1987;115:581-4.","journal-title":"J Dent Assoc"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.05.004","article-title":"Dry mouth among older people in Korea: a survey of prevalence, severity, and associated factors","volume":"110","author":"Jong","year":"2010","unstructured":"6. Jong SS, Sung CC, Hong SK, et al. Dry mouth among older people in Korea: a survey of prevalence, severity, and associated factors. 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J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2022;34:203-7.","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol"}],"container-title":["Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.rmmj.org.il\/userimages\/2044\/1\/PublishFiles\/3545Article.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:09:04Z","timestamp":1762074544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.rmmj.org.il\/issues\/68\/articles\/3545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5041\/rmmj.10556","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-9172"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-9172","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]}}}