{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T13:00:40Z","timestamp":1780232440594,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Weston Medical Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Disaster Med"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study evaluated two waterless air-based decontamination methods to reduce residual airborne exposure during the disrobing of a litter-bound surrogate patient mannequin exposed to a surrogate radiological aerosol. The mannequin was clothed in United States military extreme cold weather pants and a jacket.Design: Copper oxide (CuO) powder was applied as a radiological agent surrogate to a litter-bound mannequin dressed in cold weather outer gear (parka and snow pants) representing the contaminated patient. Two dry air personal decontamination treatments were compared to no decontamination. Setting: Cold region mass casualty radiological aerosol contamination event.Participants: Litter-bound mannequin. Interventions: High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) vacuum and an air-knife method were evaluated, and the results were compared to no decontamination trials, with CuO as the radiological aerosol surrogate.Main outcome measures: Aerosolized CuO was measured with handheld optical particle counters to measure particle size and count airborne particle concentrations during a 1-minute period directly after disrobing the mannequin. The particle size and count concentrations were used to calculate an estimate of aerosol mass concentration posing an inhalational and surface contamination risk to the patients and the attending medical personnel.Results: Patient disrobing presented the highest potential airborne exposure. Nonparametric tests indicated that all treatments were significantly different (p &lt; 0.05). There was an 85 percent average reduction in CuO airborne aerosol using the HEPA vacuum decontamination method compared to the no decontamination trials. However, the air-knife actually increased airborne risk by 305 percent compared to no decontamination.Conclusion: The successful vacuum trials in this research demonstrate possible waterless decontamination treatments for cold environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5055\/ajdm.0530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T12:17:30Z","timestamp":1780143450000},"page":"33-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potential airborne exposure reduction evaluation of first responders to a surrogate radiological aerosol from simulated contaminated litter-bound patients in cold environments after waterless air-based decontamination using a mannequin"],"prefix":"10.5055","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Juan S.","family":"Alb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6696-4257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy M.","family":"Slagley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberley","family":"Shoaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faina","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Skipper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaiven","family":"Varshney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3008","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"100867","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web Site: How to self-decontaminate after a radiation emergency. Available at https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/radiation-emergencies\/prevention\/self-decontaminate.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nceh\/radiation\/emergencies\/selfdecon_wash.htm. Accessed September 6, 2024."},{"key":"100868","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Power S, Symons C, Carter H, et al.: Mass casualty decontamination in the United States: An online survey of current practice. Health Secur. 2016; 14(4): 226-236.","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2016.0047"},{"key":"100869","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Titus E, Lemmer G, Slagley J, et al.: A review of CBRN topics related to military and civilian patient exposure and decontamination. Am J Disaster Med. 2019; 14(2): 137-149.","DOI":"10.5055\/ajdm.2019.0324"},{"key":"100870","unstructured":"Department of the Air Force: Air force tactics, techniques and procedures 3-42.32. Installation medical all hazards response (IMAHR). 2021. Available at https:\/\/static.e-publishing.af.mil\/production\/1\/af_sg\/publication\/afttp3-42.32\/afttp3-42.32.pdf. Accessed September 6, 2024."},{"key":"100871","unstructured":"US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command (SBCCOM): Guidelines for cold weather mass decontamination during a terrorist chemical agent incident. Revision 1. 2003. Available at https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/sti\/pdfs\/ADA435228.pdf. Accessed September 6, 2024."},{"key":"100872","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web Site: Contamination vs. exposure. Available at https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/radiation-emergencies\/causes\/?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nceh\/radiation\/emergencies\/contamination.htm. Accessed September 6, 2024."},{"key":"100873","unstructured":"Hinds WC: Respiratory deposition. In Hinds WC (ed.): Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1999: 233-259."},{"key":"100874","unstructured":"US Department of Health & Human Services Web Site: Internal radiation contamination. Available at https:\/\/remm.hhs.gov\/contamimage_top3.htm. Accessed September 6, 2024."},{"key":"100875","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency Web Site: Radiation health effects. Available at https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radiation\/radiation-health-effects. Accessed September 6, 2024."},{"key":"100876","unstructured":"Chapman JM: Re-Aerosolization of Dense Metal Oxide Simulating Radiological Contamination from Military Clothing [theses and dissertations]. Dayton, OH: Air Force Institute of Technology, 2021."},{"key":"100877","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harper F, Musolino S, Wente W: Realistic radiological dispersal device hazard boundaries and ramifications for early consequence management decisions. Health Phys. 2007; 93(1): 1-16.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000264935.29396.6f"},{"key":"100878","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green AR, Erhardt L, Lebel L, et al.: Overview of the full-scale radiological dispersal device field trials. Health Phys. 2016; 110(5): 403-417.","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000503"},{"key":"100879","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersson KG, Mikkelsen T, Astrup P, et al.: Estimation of health hazards resulting from a radiological terrorist attack in a city. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2008; 131(3): 297-307.","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncn173"},{"key":"100880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonagh A, Byrne MA: The influence of human physical activity and contamination clothing type on particle resuspension. J Environ Radioact. 2014; 127: 119-126.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2013.10.012"},{"key":"100881","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slagley JM, Paschold H, Engler JM: Evaluation of coverall field dry aerosol decontamination methods using a manikin. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2017; 14(7): 502-509.","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2017.1296235"},{"key":"100882","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steele ML, Spatz EM, Lemmer GP, et al.: Design and characterization of an aerosol test chamber for emergency response patient contamination control simulation and research. Occup Dis Environ Med. 2023; 11: 78-96.","DOI":"10.4236\/odem.2023.111005"},{"key":"100883","unstructured":"Hinds WC: Particle size statistics. In Hinds WC (ed.): Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1999: 75-110."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Disaster Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wmpllc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/ajdm\/article\/download\/4012\/4295","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wmpllc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/ajdm\/article\/download\/4012\/4295","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T12:17:59Z","timestamp":1780229879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wmpllc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/ajdm\/article\/view\/4012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5055\/ajdm.0530","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-149X","1932-149X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-149X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1932-149X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}}}