{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:40:25Z","timestamp":1780450825191,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Weston Medical Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JEM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Active shooter planning for special education classrooms requires considerations commensurate to the needs of students with mobility, cognitive, auditory, visual, and communicative limitations. The federally established Run, Hide, Fight response methodology has no modified alternative for students who are not able to meet the criteria to run, hide, or fight. School districts that implement Run, Hide, Fight plans without any modified alternatives for special education students expose a compliance lapse of the American Disabilities Act, the Department of Education\u2019s Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, and the National Preparedness Goal. To address this gap in planning, a qualitative analysis of primary source documents determined that there is insufficient active shooter planning guidance requisite to students with Access and Functional Need limitations. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.0833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T14:00:39Z","timestamp":1742997639000},"page":"29-43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Active shooter preparedness for special education classrooms"],"prefix":"10.5055","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2756-8282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Suarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0908-6783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica C.","family":"Pinket","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3008","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"93761","unstructured":"Naval Postgraduate Center for Homeland Defense and Security: CHDS school shooting safety compendium. Charts & graphs\u2014CHDS school shooting safety compendium. Available at https:\/\/www.chds.us\/sssc\/charts-graphs\/. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93762","unstructured":"FBI: FBI active shooter incidents in the United States 2021. Available at https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/file-repository\/active-shooterincidents-in-the-us-2021-052422.pdf\/view. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93763","unstructured":"ADA Mandate: The Americans with Disabilities Act | ADA. gov. Available at https:\/\/www.ada.gov\/resources\/disability-rightsguide\/#:~:text=The%20ADA%20prohibits%20discrimination%20on,to%20the%20United%20States%20Congress. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93764","unstructured":"Readiness and Emergency Response Management for Schools Technical Assistance Center: Integrating K\u201312 students with disabilities into school emergency management planning. Available at https:\/\/rems.ed.gov\/docs\/DisabilitiesFactSheet_508C.pdf. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93765","unstructured":"FEMA: Run, Hide, Fight. Available at https:\/\/community.fema.gov\/ProtectiveActions\/s\/article\/Active-Shooter-Run-Hide-Fight. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93766","unstructured":"ADA: Tool kit: Curb ramps and pedestrian crossings under Title II of the ADA. Available at https:\/\/archive.ada.gov\/pcatoolkit\/chap7emergencymgmt.htm. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93767","unstructured":"A.L.I.C.E.: The ALICE acronym & protocol for active shooter response\u2014ALICE training. Available at https:\/\/www.alicetraining.com\/our-program\/alice-training\/. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93768","unstructured":"Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools Technical Assistance Center: DOE active shooter guidance: Active shooter situations | School guide at a glance. Available at https:\/\/rems.ed.gov\/k12guidefordevelhqschool.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93769","unstructured":"The Intentional IEP: Legally\u2014All IEPs need to have their parts. Available at https:\/\/www.theintentionaliep.com\/legal-iep-parts\/. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93770","unstructured":"United Federation of Teachers: Classroom staffing ratios. Available at https:\/\/www.uft.org\/teaching\/students-disabilities\/special-classes\/special-class-staffing-ratios. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93771","unstructured":"TEEX LET222: Civilian response to active shooter events instructor\u2014teex.org. FEMA IS907 active shooter what should you do, DHS active shooter preparedness workshop module 1. Available at https:\/\/active-shooter-preparedness-workshop-module1-low-508.pptx. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93772","unstructured":"TEEX: Civilian response to active shooter events instructor. Available at https:\/\/teex.org\/class\/let222\/. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93773","unstructured":"TEEX: Active shooter incident management. Available at https:\/\/teex.org\/class\/per353\/. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93774","unstructured":"US Department of Homeland Security: Active shooter\u2014How to respond. Available at https:\/\/www.dhs.gov\/xlibrary\/assets\/active_shooter_booklet.pdf. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93775","unstructured":"FEMA: Whole Community Approach. A Whole Community Approach to emergency management: Principles, themes, and pathways for action. Available at https:\/\/www.fema.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-07\/whole_community_dec2011__2.pdf. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93776","unstructured":"FEMA: National Preparedness Goal\u20142nd ed. Available at https:\/\/www.fema.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-06\/national_preparedness_goal_2nd_edition.pdf. Accessed September 1, 2023."},{"key":"93777","unstructured":"Department of Homeland Security: Protecting America\u2019s schools: A US secret service analysis of targeted school violence (2019). Available at https:\/\/www.secretservice.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-04\/Protecting_Americas_Schools.pdf. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93778","unstructured":"US Secret Service: Enhancing school safety using a threat assessment model. Available at https:\/\/www.cisa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/18_0711_USSS_NTAC-Enhancing-School-Safety-Guide.pdf. Accessed September 1, 2023."},{"key":"93779","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services: Effective planning, response, and recovery for the special needs population, consistent with Federal Civil Rights Law. Slide 1. Available at https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/ocr\/civilrights\/resources\/specialtopics\/emergencypre\/eptrainingppt.pdf. Accessed September 1, 2023."},{"key":"93780","unstructured":"EPI2002: Emergency management preparedness initiative guide on the special needs of people with disabilities for managers, planners and responders. EPI2002. Available at http:\/\/www.disastersrus.org\/MyDisasters\/disability\/epiguide2005.pdf. Accessed September 1, 2023."},{"key":"93781","unstructured":"California OES: Active Shooter Awareness Guidance. Available at https:\/\/www.caloes.ca.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/AFN\/Documents\/AFN-Library\/CalOES-active-shooter-awareness-June-2022.pdf. Accessed September 10, 2023."},{"key":"93782","unstructured":"California OES: Cal OES\u2014Best practices for stakeholder inclusion. Google Docs. Available at https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ZjeTUCBsePRV96oQMHlwRVnRj2NjcZvA\/edit. Accessed September 10, 2023."},{"key":"93783","unstructured":"University of Maryland Loyola: Active assailant guidance. Available at https:\/\/www.loyola.edu\/department\/emergency-preparedness\/hazard-information\/active-assailant. Accessed September 1, 2023."},{"key":"93784","unstructured":"University of San Diego: Active Shooter Preparedness Training. Available at https:\/\/police.ucsd.edu\/engagement\/shooter.html. Accessed September 1, 2023."},{"key":"93785","unstructured":"FEMA: THIRA and stakeholder preparedness and review guide. 2018. Available at https:\/\/www.fema.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-04\/CPG201Final20180525.pdf. Accessed April 18, 2023."},{"key":"93786","unstructured":"OCRR: Office for Civil Rights Compliance Reviews: US Department of Education Office for Civil Rights: Ensuring equal access to high-quality education. Available at https:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/about\/offices\/list\/ocr\/docs\/ensure03_pg6.html. Accessed April 18, 2023."}],"container-title":["Journal of Emergency Management"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wmpllc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/jem\/article\/download\/3786\/4071","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wmpllc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/jem\/article\/download\/3786\/4071","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T14:03:57Z","timestamp":1742997837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wmpllc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/jem\/article\/view\/3786"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5055\/jem.0833","relation":{},"ISSN":["1543-5865","1543-5865"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1543-5865","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1543-5865","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}}}