{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T20:31:29Z","timestamp":1770064289783,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Weston Medical Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JEM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The recovery phase of the emergency management cycle is understudied. This research aimed to understand the communication preferences of rural residents with low literacy during the recovery phase of a hurricane and flooding disaster. \r\nMethods: During October and November 2019, three focus groups (n = 32) were conducted with members of church congregations in three small townships in eastern North Carolina. Audio recordings were transcribed and coded for communication preferences and themes.\r\nResults: Participants were primarily non-White (62 percent), over age 55 (78 percent), and a majority (70 percent) had completed high school or less education. The primary communication preference for the recovery phase was face-to-face. Television (TV) was seen as an approach to disseminate dates and times for local in-person meetings and provide phone numbers to speak with a \u201clive\u201d person. Social media was not a dominant communication preference. Themes that emerged included the following: (1) governmental response related to repairs and buyout following past hurricanes has been too slow; (2) the elderly and those with low literacy seek in-person attention in their towns; (3) residents feel \u201cforgotten\u201d because resources are concentrated in the county seat.\r\nConclusions: Rural residents prefer face-to-face communication in the recovery phase. Multiple approaches to communication may be most effective to distribute recovery phase opportunities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.0887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T14:00:40Z","timestamp":1742997640000},"page":"15-28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Communication preferences during the recovery phase of a hurricane disaster: Rural residents prefer face-to-face interaction"],"prefix":"10.5055","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8183-6528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. Suzanne","family":"Lea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Beers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3008","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"93720","unstructured":"RebuildNC: Hurricane Matthew resilient redevelopment plan, v1.2 draft. Pitt County, NC, May 2017. Available at https:\/\/files.nc.gov\/rebuildnc\/documents\/matthew\/rebuildnc_pitt_plan_combined.pdf. Accessed June 10, 2024."},{"key":"93721","unstructured":"RebuildNC: Hurricane Florence CDBG-DR action plan amendment 5. State of North Carolina, June 23, 2023. Available at https:\/\/www.rebuild.nc.gov\/cdbg-drflorence-action-planamendment-5-updates-16june2023final508v2pdf\/open. Accessed June 10, 2024."},{"key":"93722","unstructured":"Kunkel KE, Easterling DR, Ballinger A, et al.: North Carolina climate science report. North Carolina Institute for climate studies. 2020: 233. Available at https:\/\/ncics.org\/nccsr. Accessed June 10, 2024."},{"key":"93723","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flanagan BE, Gregory EW, Hallisey EJ, et al.: A social vulnerability index for disaster management. J Homeland Security Emerg Manag. 2011; 8(1): 1-22.","DOI":"10.2202\/1547-7355.1792"},{"key":"93724","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horney J, Simon M, Grabich S, et al.: Measuring participation by socially vulnerable groups in hazard mitigation planning, Bertie county, North Carolina. J Environ Plann Manag. 2014; 58(5): 802-818.","DOI":"10.1080\/09640568.2014.892870"},{"key":"93725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisenman DP, Cordasco KM, Asch S, et al.: Disaster planning and risk communication with vulnerable communities: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina. Am J Public Health. 2007; 97(Suppl. 1): S109-S115. DOI: 10.2105\/AJPH.2005.084335.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.084335"},{"key":"93726","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bevc CA, Simon MC, Montoya TA, et al.: Institutional facilitators and barriers to local public health preparedness planning for vulnerable and at-risk populations. Public Health Rep. 2014; 129(Suppl. 4): 35-41. DOI: 10.1177\/00333549141296S406.","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549141296S406"},{"key":"93727","unstructured":"CDC: Social Vulnerability Index. Available at https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/placeandhealth\/svi\/index.html. Accessed June 11, 2024."},{"key":"93728","unstructured":"Neuse River Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan: Available at https:\/\/www.pittcountync.gov\/DocumentCenter\/View\/10905\/2020-Neuse-River-Hazard-Mitigation-Plan. Accessed June 10, 2024."},{"key":"93729","unstructured":"USDA, Food and Nutrition Service: Available at https:\/\/www.fns.usda.gov\/sfsp\/rural-designation. Accessed June 10, 2024."},{"key":"93730","unstructured":"Pitt County Planning Department: Hydrology map of Pitt County, NC, April 28, 2016. Available at https:\/\/www.pittcountync.gov\/DocumentCenter\/View\/624\/Map-A-6-Pitt-County-Hydrology-PDF?bidId=. Accessed June 11, 2024."},{"key":"93731","unstructured":"Fay J, Newman JJ, Gradin HJ (eds.): Watching TV Off the Back of a Fire Truck: Voices from the Floyd Flood in Eastern North Carolina. Greensboro, NC: Crossroads Press, 2005."},{"key":"93732","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose DA, Murthy S, Brooks J, et al.: The evolution of public health emergency management as a field of practice. Am J Public Health. 2017; 107(S2): S126-S133. DOI: 10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303947a.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303947"},{"key":"93733","unstructured":"FEMA: National Preparedness Framework. Available at https:\/\/www.fema.gov\/emergency-managers\/national-preparedness\/frameworks. Accessed June 10, 2024."},{"key":"93734","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fathollahzadeh A, Salmani I, Morowatisharifabad MA, et al.: Models and components in disaster risk communication: A systematic literature review. J Educ Health Promot. 2023; 12: 87. DOI: 10.4103\/jehp.jehp_277_22.","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_277_22"},{"key":"93735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeager VA, Menachemi N, McCormick LC, et al.: The nature of the public health emergency preparedness literature 2000-2008: A quantitative analysis. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2010; 16(5): 441-449. DOI: 10.1097\/PHH.0b013e3181c33de4.","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0b013e3181c33de4"},{"key":"93736","unstructured":"FEMA: National disaster recovery framework information sheet. Available at https:\/\/www.fema.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-06\/information_sheet_recovery_framework.pdf. Accessed June 10, 2024."},{"key":"93737","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanderford ML, Nastoff T, Telfer JL, et al.: Emergency communication challenges in response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. J Appl Commun Res. 2007; 35(1): 9-25.","DOI":"10.1080\/00909880601065649"},{"key":"93738","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachmann DJ, Jamison NK, Martin A, et al.: Emergency preparedness and disaster response: There\u2019s an app for that. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015; 30(5): 486-490. DOI: 10.1017\/S1049023X15005099.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X15005099"},{"key":"93739","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirsch TD, Circh R, Bissell RA, et al.: \u201cJust-in-time\u201d personal preparedness: Downloads and usage patterns of the American Red Cross hurricane application during hurricane sandy. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2016; 10(5): 762-767.","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2016.52"},{"key":"93740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niles MT, Emery BF, Reagan AJ, et al.: Social media usage patterns during natural hazards. PLoS One. 2019; 14(2): E0210484. DOI: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0210484.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210484"},{"key":"93741","unstructured":"Fraustino JD, Liu B, Jin Y: Social Media Use During Disasters: A Review of the Knowledge Base and Gaps. College Park, MD: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), 2012."},{"key":"93742","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vera-Burgos CM, Griffin Padgett DR: Using twitter for crisis communications in a natural disaster: Hurricane Harvey. Heliyon. 2020; 6(9): E04804. DOI: 10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04804.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04804"},{"key":"93743","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu H, Yang J: Building disaster resilience using social messaging networks: The WeChat community in Houston, Texas, during Hurricane Harvey. Disasters. 2020; 44(4): 726-752. DOI: 10.1111\/disa.12388.","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12388"},{"key":"93744","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandt HM, Turner-McGrievy G, Friedman DB, et al.: Examining the role of Twitter in response and recovery during and after historic flooding in South Carolina. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2019; 25(5): E6-E12.","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000000841"},{"key":"93745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrun Sayers EL, Parker AM, Ramchand R, et al.: Reaching vulnerable populations in the disaster-prone US Gulf Coast: Communicating across the crisis lifecycle. J Emerg Manag. 2019; 17(4): 271-286. DOI: 10.5055\/jem.2019.0426.","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2019.0426"},{"key":"93746","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fussell E: The long term recovery of new Orleans\u2019 population after Hurricane Katrina. Am Behav Sci. 2015; 59(10): 1231-1245. DOI: 10.1177\/0002764215591181.","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764215591181"},{"key":"93747","unstructured":"FEMA: Roadmap to federal resources for disaster recovery. 2022: 267. Available at https:\/\/www.fema.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/fema_roadmap-federal-resources-for-disaster-recovery.pdf. Accessed June 10, 2024."},{"key":"93748","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolkin A, Schnall A, Nakata N, et al.: Getting the message out: Social media and word-of-mouth as effective communication methods during emergencies. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019; 34(1): 89-94. DOI: 10.1017\/S1049023X1800119X.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X1800119X"},{"key":"93749","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrun Sayers EL, Parker AM, Seelam R, et al.: How disasters drive media channel preferences: Tracing news consumption before, during, and after Hurricane Harvey. J Contingencies Crisis Manag. 2021; 29: 342-356. DOI: 10.1111\/1468-5973.12348.","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5973.12348"},{"key":"93750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow NA, Toda M, Pennington AF, et al.: Hurricane-associated mold exposures among patients at risk for invasive mold infections after Hurricane Harvey\u2014Houston, Texas, 2017. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019; 68: 469-473. DOI: 10.15585\/mmwr.mm6821a1externalicon.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6821a1"},{"key":"93751","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gable AR, Der-Martirosian C, Pinnock LN, et al.: Disaster-related communication preferences of homeless and nonhomeless VA patients. J Emerg Manag. 2018; 16(1): 49-59. DOI: 10.5055\/jem.2018.0353.","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2018.0353"},{"key":"93752","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J: Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007; 19(6): 349-357. DOI: 10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042.","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042"},{"key":"93753","unstructured":"US Department of Commerce, Census Bureau: Available at https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/fact\/table\/pittcountynorthcarolina\/PST045222. Accessed June 12, 2024."},{"key":"93754","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade EL, Barrett ND, Edberg MC, et al.: Resilience of communities in Puerto Rico following Hurricane Maria: Community-based preparedness and communication strategies. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2023; 17: e53. 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Am Meteorol Soc. 2012; 4: 103-109.","DOI":"10.1175\/WCAS-D-12-00015.1"},{"key":"93758","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James X, Hawkins A, Rowel R: An assessment of the cultural appropriateness of emergency preparedness communication for low income minorities. J Homel Secur Emerg Manag. 2007; 4(3). DOI: 10.2202\/1547-7355.1266.","DOI":"10.2202\/1547-7355.1266"},{"key":"93759","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"So M, Franks JL, Cree RA, et al.: An evaluation of the literacy demands of online natural disaster preparedness materials for families. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020; 14(4): 449-458. DOI: 10.1017\/dmp.2019.62.","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2019.62"},{"key":"93760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown LM, Haun JN, Peterson L: A proposed disaster literacy model. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2014; 8(3): 267-275. DOI: 10.1017\/dmp.2014.43.","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2014.43"}],"container-title":["Journal of Emergency Management"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wmpllc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/jem\/article\/download\/3785\/4070","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wmpllc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/jem\/article\/download\/3785\/4070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T14:19:41Z","timestamp":1742998781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wmpllc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/jem\/article\/view\/3785"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5055\/jem.0887","relation":{},"ISSN":["1543-5865","1543-5865"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1543-5865","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1543-5865","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}}}