{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:58:56Z","timestamp":1780937936165,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Weston Medical Publishing","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JEM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This extensive longitudinal cohort study offers a thorough examination of emergency management education programs, exposing the intricate interactions between variables influencing the experiences, results, and success of instructors and students over time. The study emphasizes the critical need for collaborative, evidence-based solutions to advance diversity, equity, and inclusion in the profession by placing the findings within the larger framework of higher education and societal needs. The insights produced inform targeted efforts to recruit and retain diverse faculty and students, create culturally sensitive curricula, and promote inclusive learning environments, which have important implications for policy, practice, and future research. In a field that is essential to creating resilient communities and addressing the intricate problems of the 21st century, this study makes a considerable addition to our understanding and advancement of diversity, equity, and inclusion. The results indicate a maturing of the emergency management education field, with many programs having established track records and reputations. However, certain types of degrees in this field are offered more than others, indicating a trend toward advanced and specialized training and not a valuable entry point into the field or advancing research. The declining optimism about future graduation rates, tempered by the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on student enrollment and persistence, highlights the need for adaptive and supportive strategies to ensure student success in times of crisis. Additionally, the persistent underrepresentation of minority groups in the emergency management student body, despite some fluctuations and improvements, is a troubling and complex issue that mirrors the lack of diversity in the emergency management profession and higher education more broadly. Furthermore, the decline in full-time tenure-track faculty, particularly at the assistant professor level, and reliance on part-time and adjunct faculty is a troubling trend that may raise concerns about the stability, quality, and research capacity of emergency management programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.0948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:07:23Z","timestamp":1780934843000},"page":"289-307","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["State of the emergency management academic programs: 5-year longitudinal trend analysis (2019-2023)"],"prefix":"10.5055","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9422-0538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne Appiah","family":"Dadson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5485-5758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"DeeDee","family":"Bennett-Gayle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3008","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"101075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blaustein J, Miccelli M, Hendy R, et al.: Resilience policing and disaster management during Australia\u2019s Black summer bushfire crisis. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2023; 95: 103848. DOI: 10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.103848.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.103848"},{"key":"101076","unstructured":"Canton LG: Emergency Management: Concepts and Strategies for Effective Programs. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley, 2020."},{"key":"101077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comfort LK, Waugh WL, Cigler BA: Emergency management research and practice in public administration: Emergence, evolution, expansion, and future directions. Public Adm Rev. 2012; 72(4): 539-547. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2012.02549.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2012.02549.x"},{"key":"101078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drabek TE: Emergency management and homeland security curricula: Contexts, cultures, and constraints. J Emerg Manag. 2007; 5(5): 33-42. DOI: 10.5055\/jem.2007.0022.","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2007.0022"},{"key":"101079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCreight R: Educational challenges in homeland security and emergency management. J Homel Secur Emerg Manag. 2009; 6(1). DOI: 10.2202\/1547-7355.1576.","DOI":"10.2202\/1547-7355.1576"},{"key":"101080","unstructured":"McEntire DA: Status of emergency management theory. 2004. Available at https:\/\/training.fema.gov\/emiweb\/downloads\/david%20mcentire%20-%20%20status%20of%20emergency%20management%20theory.pdf."},{"key":"101081","unstructured":"FEMA: FEMA higher education. FEMA-training. 2024. Available at https:\/\/training.fema.gov\/hiedu\/default.aspx."},{"key":"101082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cwiak CL: Increasing access and support for emergency management higher education programs. J Emerg Manag. 2014; 12(5): 367-377. DOI: 10.5055\/jem.2014.0201.","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2014.0201"},{"key":"101083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddow GD, Bullock JA, Coppola DP: Introduction to Emergency Management. 6th ed. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803064-6.00016-0"},{"key":"101084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knox CC, Harris AS: Evolution of an experiential learning partnership in emergency management higher education. J Emerg Manag. 2016; 14(3): 201-211. DOI: 10.5055\/jem.2016.0286.","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2016.0286"},{"key":"101085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyola-Yemaiel A, Wilson J: Three essential strategies for emergency management professionalization in the US. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters. 2005; 23(1): 77-84. DOI: 10.1177\/028072700502300105.","DOI":"10.1177\/028072700502300105"},{"key":"101086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett DM: Diversity in emergency management scholarship. J Emerg Manag. 2019; 17(2): 148-154. DOI: 10.5055\/jem.2019.0407.","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2019.0407"},{"key":"101087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stabile B, Simon K, Thornton TE, et al.: Diversity and inclusion in emergency management and first response: Accounting for race and gender in codes of ethics in the United States. Public Integrity. 2022; 24(1): 82-101. DOI: 10.1080\/10999922.2020.1862540.","DOI":"10.1080\/10999922.2020.1862540"},{"key":"101088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altbach P, Reisberg L, Rumbley L: Trends in Global Higher Education: Tracking an Academic Revolution. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 2010. DOI: 10.1163\/9789004406155.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004406155"},{"key":"101089","unstructured":"Eckel PD, King JE: An overview of higher education in the United States: Diversity, access, and the role of the marketplace. American Council on Education. 2004. Available at https:\/\/www.acenet.edu\/Documents\/Overview-of-Higher-Education-in-the-United-States-Diversity-Access-and-the-Role-of-the-Marketplace-2004.pdf. Accessed July 3, 2025."},{"key":"101090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapucu N, Knox C: Utilization of service learning and experiential learning in emergency management programs in the US. J Public Aff Educ. 2013; 19: 31-51. DOI: 10.1080\/15236803.2013.12001719.","DOI":"10.1080\/15236803.2013.12001719"},{"key":"101091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadiq A-A, Kapucu N, Hu Q: Crisis leadership during COVID-19: The role of governors in the United States. Int J Public Leadersh. 2020; 17: 65-80. DOI: 10.1108\/IJPL-08-2020-0071.","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPL-08-2020-0071"},{"key":"101092","unstructured":"Creswell JW, Plano Clark VL: Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2018."},{"key":"101093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goniewicz K, Goniewicz M, Burkle FM, et al.: Cohort research analysis of disaster experience, preparedness, and competency-based training among nurses. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16(1): e0244488. DOI: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0244488.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244488"},{"key":"101094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoeppner MM, Olson DK, Larson SC: A longitudinal study of the impact of an emergency preparedness curriculum. Public Health Rep. 2010; 125(Suppl. 5): 24-32. DOI: 10.1177\/00333549101250S505.","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549101250S505"},{"key":"101095","unstructured":"Kapucu N, Ozerdem A: Managing Emergencies and Crises. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2011."},{"key":"101096","unstructured":"Bennett Gayle D: 2020 higher education emergency management programs: Status update. Report for FEMA Higher Education Program, Emmitsburg, MD. 2020."},{"key":"101097","unstructured":"Phillips BD: Disaster Recovery. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2015."},{"key":"101098","unstructured":"Richardson KJ, McDuffie JD, Cooper D: The capable emergency management professional: Emerging competencies for a changing world. 2024. Available at https:\/\/uta.pressbooks.pub\/trendsininternationaldisastermanagement\/chapter\/the_capable_emergency_management_professional\/."},{"key":"101099","unstructured":"Hearn JC: Student success: What research suggests for policy and practice. In Executive Summary. National Symposium on Postsecondary Student Success. Vol. 15. Washington, DC: National Postsecondary Education Cooperative, 2006: 2007."},{"key":"101100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patterson-Stephens S, Jones TB (eds.): Advancing Inclusive Excellence in Higher Education: Practical Approaches to Promoting Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Belonging. Charlotte: IAP, 2023.","DOI":"10.1108\/979-8-88730-310-9"},{"key":"101101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mcentire D: The status of emergency management theory: Issues, barriers, and recommendations for improved scholarship. J Emerg Manag. 2005; 3. DOI: 10.5055\/jem.2005.0031.","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2005.0031"},{"key":"101102","unstructured":"Ainsworth CJ, Jones G: Credentialing and professionalization in emergency, crisis and disaster management (ECDM). 2024. Available at https:\/\/uta.pressbooks.pub\/trendsininternationaldisastermanagement\/chapter\/credentialing-and-professionalization\/."},{"key":"101103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neal DM: Higher education and the profession of disaster management: A brief commentary on past, current and future directions. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters. 2005; 23(1): 73-76. DOI: 10.1177\/028072700502300104.","DOI":"10.1177\/028072700502300104"},{"key":"101104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cwiak C: Framing the future: What should emergency management graduates know? J Homel Secur Emerg Manag. 2011; 8(2). DOI: 10.2202\/1547-7355.1910.","DOI":"10.2202\/1547-7355.1910"},{"key":"101105","unstructured":"Thomas D, Mileti D: Report, designing educational opportunities for the hazards manager of the 21st century, October 22-24, 2003. Natural Hazards Center Collection. 2003. Available at https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/nhcc\/80."},{"key":"101106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waugh WL, Goss KC: The history of higher education in emergency management: The Emergency Management Institute, the National Science Foundation, and the William Averette Anderson fund. J Emerg Manag. 2019; 17(1): 7-12. DOI: 10.5055\/jem.2019.0391.","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2019.0391"},{"key":"101107","unstructured":"Thomas D, Mileti D: Report, Designing educational opportunities for the hazards manager of the 21st century, October 22-24, 2003. Natural Hazards Center Collection, 2003."},{"key":"101108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller JL, Rambeck JH, Snyder A: Improving emergency preparedness system readiness through simulation and interprofessional education. Public Health Rep. 2014; 129(Suppl. 4): 129-135. DOI: 10.1177\/00333549141296S417.","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549141296S417"},{"key":"101109","unstructured":"Phillips BD: Disasters by Discipline: Necessary Dialogue for Emergency Management Education. Jacksonville, AL: Jacksonville State University, 2003. Available at https:\/\/training.fema.gov\/emiweb\/downloads\/denverfinal.doc."},{"key":"101110","unstructured":"Roberts P: The emergency management institute at 70: Evolution from civil defense to all-hazards management. RAND Corporation. Research reports. United States. 2023. Available at https:\/\/coilink.org\/20.500.12592\/jgffnx. Accessed July 1, 2025."},{"key":"101111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutter SL, Boruff BJ, Shirley WL: Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Soc Sci Q. 2003; 84(2): 242-261. DOI: 10.1111\/1540-6237.8402002.","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6237.8402002"},{"key":"101112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen J, Klenow DJ, Youngs GA: Curricular innovation and emergency management in higher education: Making the general education connection. J Emerg Manag. 2019; 17(2): 87-99. DOI: 10.5055\/jem.2019.0401.","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2019.0401"},{"key":"101113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapucu N, Arslan T, Demiroz F: Collaborative emergency management and national emergency management network. Disaster Prevention Manag. 2010; 19(4): 452-468. DOI: 10.1108\/09653561011070376.","DOI":"10.1108\/09653561011070376"},{"key":"101114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torani S, Majd PM, Maroufi SS, et al.: The importance of education on disasters and emergencies: A review article. J Edu Health Promot. 2019; 8: 85. DOI: 10.4103\/jehp.jehp_262_18.","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_262_18"},{"key":"101115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knox CC, Emrich CT, Haupt B: Advancing emergency management higher education: Importance of cultural competence scholarship. J Emerg Manag. 2019; 17(2): 111-117. DOI: 10.5055\/jem.2019.0403.","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2019.0403"},{"key":"101116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson J, Oyola-Yemaiel A: The evolution of emergency management and the advancement towards a profession in the United States and Florida. Saf Sci. 2001; 39: 117-131. DOI: 10.1016\/S0925-7535(01)00031-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(01)00031-5"},{"key":"101117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donahue DA, Cunnion SO, Balaban CD, et al.: Meeting educational challenges in homeland security and emergency management. J Homel Secur Emerg Manag. 2010; 7(1). DOI: 10.2202\/1547-7355.1718.","DOI":"10.2202\/1547-7355.1718"},{"key":"101118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drabek TE: Emergency managers as community change agents: An expanded vision of the profession. J Emerg Manag. 2014; 12(1): 9-20. DOI: 10.5055\/jem.2014.0158.","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2014.0158"},{"key":"101119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donahue AK, Eckel CC, Wilson RK: Ready or not? How citizens and public officials perceive risk and preparedness. Am Rev Public Adm. 2014; 44(Suppl.): 89S-111S. DOI: 10.1177\/0275074013506517.","DOI":"10.1177\/0275074013506517"},{"key":"101120","unstructured":"Carey JT: The utilization of client-based service-learning in emergency management graduate curricula for the 21st century. 2018. Available at https:\/\/jsire.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/661\/2018\/09\/utilizationofclient-basedservicescareyfinal.pdf."},{"key":"101121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernal DD, Villalpando O: An apartheid of knowledge in academia: The struggle over the \u201clegitimate\u201d knowledge of faculty of color. Equity Excell Educ. 2002; 35(2): 169-180.","DOI":"10.1080\/713845282"},{"key":"101122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milem J, Astin H: The changing composition of the faculty. Change. 1993; 25: 21-27. DOI: 10.1080\/00091383.1993.9940612.","DOI":"10.1080\/00091383.1993.9940612"},{"key":"101123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandhu H, Chen R, Wong A: Faculty diversity matters: A scoping review of student perspectives in North America. Perspectives: Policy Practice Higher Educ. 2022; 26: 130-139. DOI: 10.1080\/13603108.2022.2048720.","DOI":"10.1080\/13603108.2022.2048720"},{"key":"101124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner CSV, Gonzalez JC, Wood JL: Faculty of color in academe: What 20 years of literature tells us. J Diversity Higher Educ. 2008; 1(3): 139-168. DOI: 10.1037\/a0012837.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012837"},{"key":"101125","unstructured":"Bitar J, Montague G, Ilano L: Faculty Diversity and Student Success Go Hand in Hand, So Why Are University Faculties so White? Washington, DC: Education Trust, 2022."},{"key":"101126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu D, Solanki S: Tenure-track appointment for teaching-oriented faculty? The impact of teaching and research faculty on student outcomes. Educ Eval Policy Anal. 2020; 42(1): 66-86.","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373719882706"},{"key":"101127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapucu N, Khosa S: Disaster resiliency and culture of preparedness for university and college campuses. Adm Soc. 2013; 45: 3-37. DOI: 10.1177\/0095399712471626.","DOI":"10.1177\/0095399712471626"},{"key":"101128","unstructured":"Agresti A: Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, 5th ed, global edition. London: Pearson Education, 2018."},{"key":"101129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander D: Approaches to emergency management teaching at the master\u2019s level. J Emerg Manag. 2017; 11(1): 59-72. DOI: 10.5055\/jem.2013.0128.","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2013.0128"},{"key":"101130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang J: Impact of natural disasters on student enrollment in higher education programs: A systematic review. Heliyon. 2024; 10(6): e27705. DOI: 10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27705.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27705"},{"key":"101131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang M, Wang J: Trend analysis of global disaster education research based on scientific knowledge graphs. Sustainability. 2022; 14(3): 1492. DOI: 10.3390\/su14031492.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14031492"},{"key":"101132","unstructured":"Field A: Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics: And Sex and Drugs and Rock \u201cn\u201d Roll. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2013."},{"key":"101133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devine PG, Ash TL: Diversity training goals, limitations, and promise: A review of the multidisciplinary literature. Annu Rev Psychol. 2022; 73: 403-429. DOI: 10.1146\/annurev-psych-060221-122215.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-060221-122215"},{"key":"101134","unstructured":"Brown KL: Assessing the educational needs of emergency management personnel. J Secur Intell Resili Educ. 2015. Available at https:\/\/jsire.org\/assessing-the-educational-needs-of-emergencymanagement-personnel\/."},{"key":"101135","unstructured":"Grawe ND: The Agile College: How Institutions Successfully Navigate Demographic Changes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2021."},{"key":"101136","unstructured":"Thelin JR: A History of American Higher Education. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019."},{"key":"101137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris DN, Chen F, Martin RC, et al.: The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on educational attainment. RSF. 2024; 10(1): 152-180. DOI: 10.7758\/RSF.2024.10.1.07.","DOI":"10.7758\/RSF.2024.10.1.07"},{"key":"101138","unstructured":"Kim H, Krishnan C, Law J, et al.: COVID-19 and US higher education enrollment: Preparing leaders for fall. 2020."},{"key":"101139","unstructured":"Copley P, Douthett E: The enrollment cliff, mega-universities, COVID-19, and the changing landscape of US colleges. ProQuest. 2020; 90(9). Available at https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/openview\/3283073cbfcb93d328d0f96e49be15d2\/1?cbl=41798&pq-origsite=gscholar."},{"key":"101140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahu P: Closure of universities due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact on education and mental health of students and academic staff. Cureus. 2020. DOI: 10.7759\/cureus.7541.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.7541"},{"key":"101141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busch-Vishniac I, Jarosz J: Can diversity in the undergraduate engineering population BE enhanced through curricular change? J Women Minor Sci Eng. 2004; 10: 255-282. DOI: 10.1615\/JWomenMinorScienEng.v10.i3.50.","DOI":"10.1615\/JWomenMinorScienEng.v10.i3.50"},{"key":"101142","unstructured":"Tsui L: Effective strategies to increase diversity in STEM fields: A review of the research literature. J Negro Educ. 2007; 76: 555-581."},{"key":"101143","unstructured":"Roberts P, Herman R, Ryan S: Improving instructor hiring and development at the emergency management institute. 2023. Available at https:\/\/rossierapps.usc.edu\/facultydirectory\/publications\/231\/Harper%20(2012)%20RHE.pdf."},{"key":"101144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waugh WL Jr, Streib G: Collaboration and leadership for effective emergency management. Public Adm Rev. 2006; 66(s1): 131-140.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2006.00673.x"},{"key":"101145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comfort LK: Crisis management in hindsight: Cognition, communication, coordination, and control. Public Adm Rev. 2007; 67: 189-197. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2007.00827.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2007.00827.x"},{"key":"101146","unstructured":"Bennett Gayle D: 2023 higher education emergency management programs: Status update. Report for FEMA Higher Education Program, Emmitsburg, MD. 2023."},{"key":"101147","unstructured":"Bennett Gayle D: 2022 Higher education emergency management programs: Status update. Report for FEMA Higher Education Program, Emmitsburg, MD. 2022."},{"key":"101148","unstructured":"Bennett Gayle D: 2021 higher education emergency management programs: Status update. Report for FEMA Higher Education Program, Emmitsburg, MD. 2021."},{"key":"101149","unstructured":"Bennett Gayle D: 2019 higher education emergency management programs: Status update. Report for FEMA Higher Education Program, Emmitsburg, MD. 2019."},{"key":"101150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waugh WL Jr, Sadiq AA: Professional education for emergency managers. J Homel Secur Emerg Manag. 2011; 8(2): 9.","DOI":"10.2202\/1547-7355.1891"},{"key":"101151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bawa P: Learning in the age of SARS-COV-2: A quantitative study of learners\u2019 performance in the age of emergency remote teaching. Comput Educ Open. 2020; 1: 100016. DOI: 10.1016\/j.caeo.2020.100016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeo.2020.100016"},{"key":"101152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moerschell L, Novak SS: Managing crisis in a university setting: The challenge of alignment. Contingen Crisis Manag. 2020; 28(1): 30-40. DOI: 10.1111\/1468-5973.12266.","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5973.12266"},{"key":"101153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blankenberger B, Williams AM: COVID and the impact on higher education: The essential role of integrity and accountability. Adm Theory Praxis. 2020; 42(3): 404-423. DOI: 10.1080\/10841806.2020.1771907.","DOI":"10.1080\/10841806.2020.1771907"},{"key":"101154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson AF, Roberto KJ, Rauhaus BM: Policies, politics, and pandemics: Course delivery method for US higher educational institutions amid COVID-19. Transform Gov People Process Policy. 2021; 15(2): 291-303. DOI: 10.1108\/TG-07-2020-0158.","DOI":"10.1108\/TG-07-2020-0158"},{"key":"101155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson N, Veletsianos G, Seaman J: US faculty and administrators\u2019 experiences and approaches in the early weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic. Online Learn. 2020; 24(2): 6-21.","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v24i2.2285"},{"key":"101156","unstructured":"McEntire DA (ed.): Disciplines, Disasters, and Emergency Management: The Convergence and Divergence of Concepts, Issues and Trends from the Research Literature. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 2007."},{"key":"101157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rozdilsky JL, Bezold MP, Johnson J, et al.: Reflections on the development of an undergraduate emergency management program: The experiences of Western Illinois University. J Homeland Secur Emerg Manag. 2011; 8(2).","DOI":"10.2202\/1547-7355.1877"},{"key":"101158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson J: Finalizing emergency management professionalization in 2024. J Emerg Manag. 2024; 22(3): 225-234. DOI: 10.5055\/jem.0866.","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.0866"},{"key":"101159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wladis C, Hachey AC, Conway K: Did emergency remote teaching and the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbate inequities? Considering institution type, gender, and race\/ethnicity. J Higher Educ. 2024; 95(3): 313-349. DOI: 10.1080\/00221546.2023.2250696.","DOI":"10.1080\/00221546.2023.2250696"},{"key":"101160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beauchamp J, Schwartz E, Pisacreta ED: Seven practices for building community and student belonging virtually. Ithaka S+R. 2020. DOI: 10.18665\/sr.313740.","DOI":"10.18665\/sr.313740"},{"key":"101161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chun E, Evans A: The Challenges of Minoritized Contingent Faculty in Higher Education. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2023.","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.8362595"},{"key":"101162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales DX, Grineski SE, Collins TW: Inadequate mentoring in undergraduate research experiences: Exploring protective factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2024; 1538(1): 129-143. DOI: 10.1111\/nyas.15186.","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15186"},{"key":"101163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Churchill MC: Adjunctification\u2014The good, the bad, and the ugly. J Feminist Stud Relig. 2019; 35(2): 71. DOI: 10.2979\/jfemistudreli.35.2.06.","DOI":"10.2979\/jfemistudreli.35.2.06"},{"key":"101164","unstructured":"Balch B: Tenure is Declining in US medical Schools. Could This Threaten Academic Freedom? AAMC. 2024. Available at https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/news\/tenure-declining-us-medical-schools-couldthreaten-academic-freedom."},{"key":"101165","unstructured":"Anthony W, Brown PL, Fynn N, et al.: The plight of adjuncts in higher education. Pract Pract. 2020; 10(4): 3-10."},{"key":"101166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anastas JW, Kuerbis AN: Doctoral education in social work: What we know and what we need to know. Social Work. 2009; 54(1): 71-81. DOI: 10.1093\/sw\/54.1.71.","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/54.1.71"},{"key":"101167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davenport D, Alvarez A, Natesan S, et al.: Faculty recruitment, retention, and representation in leadership: An evidence-based guide to best practices for diversity, equity, and inclusion from the council of residency directors in emergency medicine. West J Emerg Manag. 2022; 23(1): 62-71. DOI: 10.5811\/westjem.2021.8.53754.","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2021.8.53754"},{"key":"101168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yudkevich M, Altbach PG, Wit HD: Trends and Issues in Doctoral Education: A Global Perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Pvt Ltd, 2020. DOI: 10.4135\/9789353885991.","DOI":"10.4135\/9789353885991"},{"key":"101169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finkelstein MJ, Conley VM, Schuster JH: The Faculty Factor. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016. DOI: 10.1353\/book.48021.","DOI":"10.1353\/book.48021"},{"key":"101170","unstructured":"Stein M: The end of faculty tenure. Inside Higher Ed. 2022. Available at https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/views\/2022\/04\/25\/declining-tenure-density-alarming-opinion."},{"key":"101171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen J, Klenow DJ, Youngs GA: Curricular innovation and emergency management in higher education: Making the general education connection. J Emerg Manag. 2019; 17(2): 87-99.","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2019.0401"},{"key":"101172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed F, Fattani MT, Ali SR, et al.: Strengthening the bridge between academic and the industry through the academia\u2013industry collaboration plan design model. Front Psychol. 2022; 13: 875940.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.875940"},{"key":"101173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhtar P, Moazzam M, Ashraf A, et al.: The interdisciplinary curriculum alignment to enhance graduates\u2019 employability and universities\u2019 sustainability. Int J Manag Educ. 2024; 22(3): 101037. DOI: 10.1016\/j.ijme.2024.101037.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijme.2024.101037"}],"container-title":["Journal of Emergency Management"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wmpllc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/jem\/article\/download\/4022\/4305","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wmpllc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/jem\/article\/download\/4022\/4305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:09:08Z","timestamp":1780934948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wmpllc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/jem\/article\/view\/4022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5055\/jem.0948","relation":{},"ISSN":["1543-5865","1543-5865"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1543-5865","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1543-5865","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]}}}