{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T20:42:57Z","timestamp":1785444177846,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Weston Medical Publishing","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JEM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change has amplified the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, including snow, floods, and heatwaves, which pose significant challenges to emergency service provision. While existing literature on the impacts of extreme weather on emergency services is limited, the United Kingdom (UK), with its varying weather patterns, faces considerable risks to infrastructure, health, and service delivery during these events, which are no longer extremely rare occurrences. This study investigates the effectiveness of multiagency, immersive simulation training in preparing emergency responders for extreme weather scenarios. Specifically, it evaluates the 2024 Winter Storm Exercise organized by Cheshire Constabulary, focusing on how extreme cold weather conditions (below 0 \u00b0C) affect operational responses. Using an exploratory quasi-experimental design, we employed pre- and post-surveys to assess changes in participants\u2019 knowledge, preparedness, and confidence. The exercise involved a series of realistic simulations, including medical trauma care and a multivehicle crash response in snowy conditions, followed by debriefing sessions. Data from 32 pre-survey and 22 post-survey respondents were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Preliminary results indicate that the training improved participants\u2019 confidence in handling extreme weather, although challenges such as equipment limitations and communication difficulties in cold weather persisted. This research highlights the importance of tailored, evidence-based training and underscores the need for ongoing development of policies and equipment to improve resilience in emergency service delivery amidst climate change-induced extreme weather events in the UK.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.0953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T21:01:21Z","timestamp":1773435681000},"page":"201-222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Out in the cold: Testing a multi-agency approach to working in extreme cold emergency situations"],"prefix":"10.5055","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4253-7108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Farrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergeant Rob","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3008","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"100249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark DG, Ford JD, Berrang-Ford L, et al.: The role of environmental factors in search and rescue incidents in Nunavut, Canada. 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Int J Disaster Risk Sci. 2021; 12: 854-866.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-021-00386-y"},{"key":"100277","unstructured":"College of Policing: Policing in England and Wales: Future operating environment 2040. 2020. Available at https:\/\/assets.college.police.uk\/s3fs-public\/2020-08\/future-operating-environment-2040.pdf. Accessed November 12, 2024."},{"key":"100278","unstructured":"Seddon S: UK \u2018not ready\u2019 for extreme weather like Storm Darragh. BBC: Climate. 2024. Available at https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/cgl9yk42rz7o. Accessed December 9, 2024."},{"key":"100279","unstructured":"Poynting M, Rowlatt J: Government not taking climate seriously\u2014Advisers. BBC News: Climate. 2025. Available at https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/cvgpey03pnno. Accessed May 3, 2025."},{"key":"100280","unstructured":"Climate Change Committee: Progress in adapting to climate change: 2025 report to parliament. 2025. 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DOI: 10.1111\/joop.12469.","DOI":"10.1111\/joop.12469"},{"key":"100321","unstructured":"Farrell AL, Jones S: Understanding the effect of extreme weather on our emergency services: An exploratory study. Report of findings from the pre- and post-exercise mixed methods data collection. In Report for Exercise Winter Storm 2024 presented to Cheshire Police Constabulary. 2025."},{"key":"100322","unstructured":"JESIP: M\/ETHANE animation flooding. 2022. Available at https:\/\/www.jesip.org.uk\/downloads\/m-ethane-animation-flooding\/. Accessed December 9, 2024."},{"key":"100323","unstructured":"JESIP: The joint decision model (JDM). n.d. Available at https:\/\/www.jesip.org.uk\/joint-doctrine\/the-joint-decision-model-jdm\/. Accessed December 9, 2024."},{"key":"100324","unstructured":"JESIP: M\/ETHANE. n.d. Available at https:\/\/www.jesip.org.uk\/joint-doctrine\/m-ethane\/. 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