{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T23:34:20Z","timestamp":1783035260126,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Weston Medical Publishing","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Opioid Management"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present data that show that quantitative urine drug concentrations obtained from individuals monitored for drug compliance as part of their participation in chronic opioid or substance abuse treatment can be used to quantify drug metabolism. We quantitatively monitor 18 drugs and their Phase 1 metabolite. These drugs were dextromethorphan, morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, quetiapine, tapentadol, tramadol, buprenorphine, clonazepam, fentanyl, imipramine, ketamine, carisoprodol, alprazolam, methadone, and amitriptyline. By using the ratio of metabolite\/parent drug (prescribed medication), the expected or reference values for 18 drugs were obtained. Ratio values outside of this reference range could be considered to be caused by genetic metabolizing variants, drug\u2013drug interactions, age, or deception. Alerting providers of the variance in metabolism from the expected norm might reduce overdosing or underdosing patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.0904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T15:16:11Z","timestamp":1753715771000},"page":"7-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Urinary metabolic ratio of pain management and substance abuse treatment drugs: Reference intervals"],"prefix":"10.5055","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3748-9703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amadeo J.","family":"Pesce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Cua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Wickett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3008","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"96301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin YS, Thummel KE, Thompson BD, et al.: Sources of inter-individual variability. Methods Mol Biol. 2021; 2342: 481-550. DOI: 10.1007\/978-1-0716-1554-6_17.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1554-6_17"},{"key":"96302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ereshefsky L, Riesenman C, Lam YW: Antidepressant drug interactions and the cytochrome P450 system. The role of cytochrome P450 2D6. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995; 29(Suppl. 1): 10-19. DOI: 10.2165\/00003088-199500291-00004.","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199500291-00004"},{"key":"96303","unstructured":"Bevins NJ, Jensen KJ, Horn PS, et al.: Phenotypic identification of patients with abnormal CYP2D6 or CYP3A4\/5 metabolism from routine oxycodone monitoring. 21st Century Pathol. 2022; 2(4): 126."},{"key":"96304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu GD, Whitley P, LaRue L, et al.: Impact of genetic variation in CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 on oxycodone and its metabolites in a large database of clinical urine drug tests. Pharmacogenomics J. 2022; 22(1): 25-32. DOI: 10.1038\/s41397-021-00253-5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41397-021-00253-5"},{"key":"96305","unstructured":"Gilani B, Cassagnol M: Biochemistry, cytochrome P450. InStatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls, 2024. Available at http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557698\/. Accessed December 28, 2024."},{"key":"96306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schadel M, Wu D, Otton SV, et al.: Pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan and metabolites in humans: Influence of the CYP2D6 phenotype and quinidine inhibition. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995; 15(4): 263-269. DOI: 10.1097\/00004714-199508000-00005.","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199508000-00005"},{"key":"96307","unstructured":"Yu A, Dong H, Lang D, et al.; Characterization of dextromethorphan O- and N-demethylation catalyzed by highly purified recombinant human CYP2D6. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001; 29(11): 1362-1365."},{"key":"96308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lalovic B, Phillips B, Risler LL, et al.: Quantitative contribution of CYP2D6 and CYP3A to oxycodone metabolism in human liver and intestinal microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004; 2(4): 447-454. DOI: 10.1124\/dmd.32.4.447.","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.32.4.447"},{"key":"96309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otton SV, Schadel M, Cheung SW, et al.: CYP2D6 phenotype determines the metabolic conversion of hydrocodone to hydromorphone. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1993; 54(5): 463-472. DOI: 10.1038\/clpt.1993.177.","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1993.177"},{"key":"96310","unstructured":"Subrahmanyam V, Renwick AB, Walters DG, et al.: Identification of cytochrome P-450 isoforms responsible for cistramadol metabolism in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001; 29(8): 1146-1155."},{"key":"96311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cone EJ, Heit HA, Caplan YH, et al.: Evidence of morphine metabolism to hydromorphone in pain patients chronically treated with morphine. J Anal Toxicol. 2006; 30(1): 1-5. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/30.1.1.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/30.1.1"},{"key":"96312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasan AD, Michna E, Janfaza D, et al.: Interpreting urine drug tests: Prevalence of morphine metabolism to hydromorphone in chronic pain patients treated with morphine. Pain Med. 2008; 9(7): 918-923. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00354.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00354.x"},{"key":"96313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picard N, Cresteil T, Djebli N, et al.: In vitro metabolism study of buprenorphine: Evidence for new metabolic pathways. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005; 33(5): 689-695. DOI: 10.1124\/dmd.105.003681.","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.105.003681"},{"key":"96314","unstructured":"Labroo RB, Paine MF, Thummel KE, et al.: Fentanyl metabolism by human hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A4: Implications for interindividual variability in disposition, efficacy, and drug interactions. Drug Metab Dispos. 1997; 25(9): 1072-1080."},{"key":"96315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutchinson MR, Menelaou A, Foster DJR, et al.: CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 involvement in the primary oxidative metabolism of hydrocodone by human liver microsomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004; 57(3): 287-297. DOI: 10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.02002.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.02002.x"},{"key":"96316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00f3th K, Csukly G, Sirok D, et al.; Optimization of clonazepam therapy adjusted to patient\u2019s CYP3A status and NAT2 genotype. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016; 19(12): pyw083. DOI: 10.1093\/ijnp\/pyw083.","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyw083"},{"key":"96317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorski JC, Jones DR, Hamman MA, et al.: Biotransformation of alprazolam by members of the human cytochrome P4503A subfamily. Xenobiotica. 1999; 29(9): 931-944. DOI: 10.1080\/004982599238173.","DOI":"10.1080\/004982599238173"},{"key":"96318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimm SW, Richtand NM, Winter HR, et al.: Effects of cytochrome P450 3A modulators ketoconazole and carbamazepine on quetiapine pharmacokinetics. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006; 61(1): 58-69. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2005.02507.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2005.02507.x"},{"key":"96319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeVane CL, Nemeroff CB: Clinical pharmacokinetics of quetiapine: An atypical antipsychotic. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2001; 40(7): 509-522. DOI: 10.2165\/00003088-200140070-00003.","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200140070-00003"},{"key":"96320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dal\u00e9n P, Alvan G, Wakelkamp M, et al.: Formation of meprobamate from carisoprodol is catalysed by CYP2C19. Pharmacogenetics. 1996; 6(5): 387-394. DOI: 10.1097\/00008571-199610000-00002.","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199610000-00002"},{"key":"96321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terlinden R, Kogel BY, Englberger W, et al.: In vitro and in vivo characterization of tapentadol metabolites. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2010; 32(1): 31-38. DOI: 10.1358\/mf.2010.32.1.1434165.","DOI":"10.1358\/mf.2010.32.1.1434165"},{"key":"96322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hijazi Y, Boulieu R: Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002; 30(7): 853-858. DOI: 10.1124\/dmd.30.7.853.","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.30.7.853"},{"key":"96323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad T, Valentovic MA, Rankin GO: Effects of cytochrome P450 single nucleotide polymorphisms on methadone metabolism and pharmacodynamics. Biochem Pharmacol. 2018; 153: 196-204. DOI: 10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.02.020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.02.020"},{"key":"96324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemoine A, Gautier JC, Azoulay D, et al.: Major pathway of imipramine metabolism is catalyzed by cytochromes P-450 1A2 and P-450 3A4 in human liver. Mol Pharmacol. 1993; 43(5): 827-832.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)13662-6"},{"key":"96325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morinobu S, Tanaka T, Kawakatsu S, et al.: Effects of genetic defects in the CYP2C19 gene on the N-demethylation of imipramine, and clinical outcome of imipramine therapy. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997; 51(4): 253-257. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1440-1819.1997.tb02593.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.1997.tb02593.x"},{"key":"96326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olesen OV, Linnet K: Metabolism of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline by cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Pharmacology. 1997; 55(5): 235-243. DOI: 10.1159\/000139533.","DOI":"10.1159\/000139533"},{"key":"96327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hicks JK, Sangkuhl K, Swen JJ, et al.: Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline (CPIC) for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes and dosing of tricyclic antidepressants: 2016 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017; 102(1): 37-44. DOI: 10.1002\/cpt.597.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.597"},{"key":"96328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pesce A, West C, West R, et al.: Reference intervals: A novel approach to detect drug abuse in a pain patient population. J Opioid Manag. 2010; 6(5): 341-350. DOI: 10.5055\/jom.2010.0031.","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2010.0031"},{"key":"96329","unstructured":"Horn PS, Pesce AJ: Reference Intervals: A User\u2019s Guide. Washington, DC: AACC Press, 2005."},{"key":"96330","unstructured":"Horn P: Reference intervals and clinical decision limits. In Clinical Chemistry: Theory, Analysis, Correlation. 5th ed. Amsterdam: Mosby\/Elsevier, 2010: 1176."},{"key":"96331","unstructured":"Krock K, Nickley J, Tran K, et al.: Correlation of fentanyl positive drug screens with other medications in patients from pain, rehabilitation and behavioral programs. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2020; 50(2): 260-265."},{"key":"96332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krock K, Pesce A, Ritz D, et al.: Lower cutoffs for LC-MS\/MS urine drug testing indicates better patient compliance. Pain Phys. 2017; 7(7): E1107-E1113.","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2017.7.E1107"},{"key":"96333","unstructured":"RStudio Team: Rstudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Boston, MA: RStudio, PBC, 2020. Available at http:\/\/www.rstudio.com. Accessed September 21, 2024."},{"key":"96334","unstructured":"RCore Team: The R project for statistical computing. 2024. Available at https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/. Accessed September 21, 2024."},{"key":"96335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Naby EH, Kamel AH: Potential transducers based man-tailored biomimetic sensors for selective recognition of dextromethorphan as an antitussive drug. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2015; 54: 217-224. DOI: 10.1016\/j.msec.2015.05.044.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.05.044"},{"key":"96336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagai N, Kawakubo T, Kaneko F, et al.: Pharmacokinetics and polymorphic oxidation of dextromethorphan in a Japanese population. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 1996; 17(5): 421-433. DOI: 10.1002\/(SICI)1099-081X(199607)17:5<421::AIDBDD421>3.0.CO;2-9.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-081X(199607)17:5<421::AID-BDD421>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"96337","unstructured":"Zhou H, Meibohm B: Drug\u2013Drug Interactions for Therapeutic Biologics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2013."},{"key":"96338","unstructured":"CYP2D6 Allele Nomenclature: Available at https:\/\/www.pharmvar.org\/htdocs\/cyp2d6.htm. Accessed January 6, 2025."},{"key":"96339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaedigk A, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Miller NA, et al.: The pharmacogene variation (PharmVar) consortium: Incorporation of the human cytochrome P450 (CYP) allele nomenclature database. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018; 103(3): 399-401. DOI: 10.1002\/cpt.910.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.910"},{"key":"96340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurica J, Bartecek R, Zourkova A, et al.: Serum dextromethorphan\/dextrorphan metabolic ratio for CYP2D6 phenotyping in clinical practice. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2012; 37(4): 486-490. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2012.01333.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2012.01333.x"},{"key":"96341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid B, Bircher J, Preisig R, et al.: Polymorphic dextromethorphan metabolism: Co-segregation of oxidative O-demethylation with debrisoquin hydroxylation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1985; 38(6): 618-624. DOI: 10.1038\/clpt.1985.235.","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1985.235"},{"key":"96342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spina E, Campo GM, Avenoso A, et al.: CYP2D6-related oxidation polymorphism in Italy. Pharmacol Res. 1994; 29(3): 281-289. DOI: 10.1016\/1043-6618(94)80051-0.","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-6618(94)80051-0"},{"key":"96343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larrey D, Amouyal G, Tinel M, et al.: Polymorphism of dextromethorphan oxidation in a French population. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1987; 24(5): 676-679. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03230.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03230.x"},{"key":"96344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamminga WJ, Wemer J, Oosterhuis B, et al.: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 activity in a large population of Dutch healthy volunteers: Indications for oral contraceptive-related gender differences. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999; 55(3): 177-184. DOI: 10.1007\/s002280050615.","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050615"},{"key":"96345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yee DA, Best BM, Atayee RS, et al.: Observations on the urine metabolic ratio of oxymorphone to oxycodone in pain patients. J Anal Toxicol. 2012; 36(4): 232-238. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/bks022.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks022"},{"key":"96346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cone EJ, Heltsley R, Black DL, et al.: Prescription opioids. I. Metabolism and excretion patterns of oxycodone in urine following controlled single dose administration. J Anal Toxicol. 2013; 37(5): 255-264. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/bkt031.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt031"},{"key":"96347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moy KV, Ma JD, Morello CM, et al.: Monitoring oxycodone use in patients with chronic pain: Analysis of oxycodone and metabolite excretion in saliva and urine. J Opioid Manag. 2014; 10(1): 47-56. DOI: 10.5055\/jom.2014.0191.","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2014.0191"},{"key":"96348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elder NM, Atayee RS, Best BM, et al.: Observations of urinary oxycodone and metabolite distributions in pain patients. J Anal Toxicol. 2014; 38(3): 129-134. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/bku007.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku007"},{"key":"96349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heltsley R, Zichterman A, Black DL, et al.: Urine drug testing of chronic pain patients. II. Prevalence patterns of prescription opiates and metabolites. J Anal Toxicol. 2010; 34(1): 32-38. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/34.1.32.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.1.32"},{"key":"96350","unstructured":"White RM, Black ML: Pain Management Testing Reference. Washington, DC: AACC Press, 2007."},{"key":"96351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valtier S, Bebarta VS: Excretion profile of hydrocodone, hydromorphone and norhydrocodone in urine following single dose administration of hydrocodone to healthy volunteers. J Anal Toxicol. 2012; 36(7): 507-514. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/bks058.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks058"},{"key":"96352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barakat NH, Atayee RS, Best BM, et al.: Relationship between the concentration of hydrocodone and its conversion to hydromorphone in chronic pain patients using urinary excretion data. J Anal Toxicol. 2012; 36(4): 257-264. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/bks019.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks019"},{"key":"96353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barakat NH, Atayee RS, Best BM, et al.: Urinary hydrocodone and metabolite distributions in pain patients. J Anal Toxicol. 2014; 38(7): 404-409. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/bku051.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku051"},{"key":"96354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cone EJ, Zichterman A, Heltsley R, et al.: Urine testing for norcodeine, norhydrocodone, and noroxycodone facilitates interpretation and reduces false negatives. Forensic Sci Int. 2010; 198(1-3): 58-61. DOI: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.12.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.12.005"},{"key":"96355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paar WD, Frankus P, Dengler HJ: The metabolism of tramadol by human liver microsomes. Clin Investig. 1992; 70(8): 708-710. DOI: 10.1007\/BF00180294.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00180294"},{"key":"96356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paar WD, Poche S, Gerloff J, et al.: Polymorphic CYP2D6 mediates O-demethylation of the opioid analgesic tramadol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1997; 53(3-4): 235-239. DOI: 10.1007\/s002280050368.","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050368"},{"key":"96357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedersen RS, Damkier P, Brosen K: Tramadol as a new probe for cytochrome P450 2D6 phenotyping: A population study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005; 77(6): 458-467. DOI: 10.1016\/j.clpt.2005.01.014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2005.01.014"},{"key":"96358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De La Gastine B, Percevault S, Varin L, et al.: An investigation of O-demethyl tramadol\/tramadol ratio for cytochrome P450 2D6 phenotyping: The CYTRAM study. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(10): 2177. DOI: 10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102177.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102177"},{"key":"96359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allegaert K, Holford N, Anderson BJ, et al.: Tramadol and o-desmethyl tramadol clearance maturation and disposition in humans: A pooled pharmacokinetic study. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2015; 54(2): 167-178. DOI: 10.1007\/s40262-014-0191-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-014-0191-9"},{"key":"96360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capon DA, Bochner F, Kerry N, et al.: The influence of CYP2D6 polymorphism and quinidine on the disposition and antitussive effect of dextromethorphan in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996; 60(3): 295-307. DOI: 10.1016\/S0009-9236(96)90056-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(96)90056-9"},{"key":"96361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorski JC, Huang SM, Pinto A, et al.: The effect of echinacea (echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 75(1): 89-100. DOI: 10.1016\/j. clpt.2003.09.013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2003.09.013"},{"key":"96362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong L, Stamer UM, Tzvetkov MV, et al.: PharmGKB summary: Tramadol pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2014; 24(7): 374-380. DOI: 10.1097\/FPC.0000000000000057.","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0000000000000057"},{"key":"96363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lassen D, Damkier P, Br\u00f8sen K: The pharmacogenetics of tramadol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2015; 54(8): 825-836. DOI: 10.1007\/s40262-015-0268-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0268-0"},{"key":"96364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbosa J, Faria J, Queir\u00f3s O, et al.: Comparative metabolism of tramadol and tapentadol: A toxicological perspective. Drug Metab Rev. 2016; 48(4): 577-592. DOI: 10.1080\/03602532.2016.1229788.","DOI":"10.1080\/03602532.2016.1229788"},{"key":"96365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hailes AM, Bruce NC: Biological synthesis of the analgesic hydromorphone, an intermediate in the metabolism of morphine, by Pseudomonas putida M10. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993; 59(7): 2166-2170. DOI: 10.1128\/aem.59.7.2166-2170.1993.","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.7.2166-2170.1993"},{"key":"96366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyler JM, Cone EJ, Joseph RE, et al.: Identification of hydrocodone in human urine following controlled codeine administration. J Anal Toxicol. 2000; 24(7): 530-535. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/24.7.530.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/24.7.530"},{"key":"96367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cone EJ, Caplan YH, Moser F, et al.: Evidence that morphine is metabolized to hydromorphone but not to oxymorphone. J Anal Toxicol. 2008; 32(4): 319-323. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/32.4.319.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/32.4.319"},{"key":"96368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonough PC, Levine B, Vorce S, et al.: The detection of hydromorphone in urine specimens with high morphine concentrations. J Forensic Sci. 2008; 53(3): 752-754. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00730.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00730.x"},{"key":"96369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes MM, Atayee RS, Best BM, et al.: Observations on the metabolism of morphine to hydromorphone in pain patients. J Anal Toxicol. 2012; 36(4): 250-256. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/bks021.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks021"},{"key":"96370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang Y, Moody DE, McCance-Katz EF: Novel metabolites of buprenorphine detected in human liver microsomes and human urine. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006; 34(3): 440-448. DOI: 10.1124\/dmd.105.006148.","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.105.006148"},{"key":"96371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kronstrand R, Seld\u00e9n TG, Josefsson M: Analysis of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and their glucuronides in urine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol. 2003; 27(7): 464-470. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/27.7.464.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/27.7.464"},{"key":"96372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttcher M, Beck O: Evaluation of buprenorphine CEDIA assay versus GC-MS and ELISA using urine samples from patients in substitution treatment. J Anal Toxicol. 2005; 29(8): 769-776. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/29.8.769.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.8.769"},{"key":"96373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hull MJ, Bierer MF, Griggs DA, et al.: Urinary buprenorphine concentrations in patients treated with suboxone as determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and CEDIA immunoassay. J Anal Toxicol. 2008; 32(7): 516-521. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/32.7.516.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/32.7.516"},{"key":"96374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kronstrand R, Nystr\u00f6m I, Andersson M, et al.: Urinary detection times and metabolite\/parent compound ratios after a single dose of buprenorphine. J Anal Toxicol. 2008; 32(8): 586-593. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/32.8.586.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/32.8.586"},{"key":"96375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heikman P, H\u00e4kkinen M, Gergov M, et al.: Urine naloxone concentration at different phases of buprenorphine maintenance treatment. Drug Test Anal. 2014; 6(3): 220-225. DOI: 10.1002\/dta.1464.","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1464"},{"key":"96376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furo H, Wiegand T, Rani M, et al.: Association between buprenorphine dose and the urine \u201cnorbuprenorphine\u201d to \u201ccreatinine\u201d ratio: Revised. Subst Abuse. 2023; 17: 11782218231153748. DOI: 10.1177\/11782218231153748.","DOI":"10.1177\/11782218231153748"},{"key":"96377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMillin GA, Davis R, Carlisle H, et al.: Patterns of free (unconjugated) buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and their glucuronides in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol. 2012; 36(2): 81-87. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/bkr020.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkr020"},{"key":"96378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sethi R, Petrakis I: Differential diagnosis for a stable patient maintained on buprenorphine who gives a urine toxicology screen negative for buprenorphine. Am J Addict. 2014; 23(3): 318-319. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2014.12087.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2014.12087.x"},{"key":"96379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tateishi T, Krivoruk Y, Ueng YF, et al.: Identification of human liver cytochrome P-450 3A4 as the enzyme responsible for fentanyl and sufentanil N-dealkylation. Anesth Analg. 1996; 82(1): 167-172. DOI: 10.1097\/00000539-199601000-00031.","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199601000-00031"},{"key":"96380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guitton J, Buronfosse T, D\u00e9sage M, et al.: Possible involvement of multiple cytochrome P450S in fentanyl and sufentanil metabolism as opposed to alfentanil. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997; 53(11): 1613-1619. DOI: 10.1016\/s0006-2952(96)00893-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(96)00893-3"},{"key":"96381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin M, Gock SB, Jannetto PJ, et al.: Pharmacogenomics as molecular autopsy for forensic toxicology: Genotyping cytochrome P450 3A4*1B and 3A5*3 for 25 fentanyl cases. J Anal Toxicol. 2005; 29(7): 590-598. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/29.7.590.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.7.590"},{"key":"96382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole JM, Best BM, Pesce AJ: Variability of transdermal fentanyl metabolism and excretion in pain patients. J Opioid Manag. 2010; 6(1): 29-39. DOI: 10.5055\/jom.2010.0002.","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2010.0002"},{"key":"96383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cummings OT, Enders JR, McIntire GL, et al.: Fentanyl-nor-fentanyl concentrations during transdermal patch application: LC-MS-MS urine analysis. J Anal Toxicol. 2016; 40(8): 595-600. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/bkw067.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkw067"},{"key":"96384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poklis A, Backer R: Urine concentrations of fentanyl and norfentanyl during application of duragesic transdermal patches. J Anal Toxicol. 2004; 28(6): 422-425. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/28.6.422.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/28.6.422"},{"key":"96385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller ME, Garland WA, Min BH, et al.: Clonazepam acetylation in fast and slow acetylators. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981; 30(3): 343-347. DOI: 10.1038\/clpt.1981.170.","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1981.170"},{"key":"96386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seree EJ, Pisano PJ, Placidi M, et al.: Identification of the human and animal hepatic cytochromes P450 involved in clonazepam metabolism. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1993; 7(2): 69-75. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1472-8206.1993.tb00219.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.1993.tb00219.x"},{"key":"96387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olivera M, Mart\u00ednez C, Gervasini G, et al.: Effect of common NAT2 variant alleles in the acetylation of the major clonazepam metabolite, 7-aminoclonazepam. Drug Metab Lett. 2007; 1(1): 3-5. DOI: 10.2174\/187231207779814283.","DOI":"10.2174\/187231207779814283"},{"key":"96388","unstructured":"Costa E (ed.): The Benzodiazepines: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Practice. Delaware: Raven Press, 1983."},{"key":"96389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storhaug LW, Enger A, Hjelmeland K, et al.: Prolonged excretion of 7-aminoclonazepam in urine after repeated ingestion of clonazepam: A case report. Forensic Sci Int. 2012; 222(1-3): e33-e35. DOI: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.06.018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.06.018"},{"key":"96390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temesv\u00e1ri M, K\u00f3bori L, Paulik J, et al.: Estimation of drug-metabolizing capacity by cytochrome P450 genotyping and expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012; 341(1): 294-305. DOI: 10.1124\/jpet.111.189597.","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.111.189597"},{"key":"96391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonagh EM, Boukouvala S, Aklillu E, et al.: PharmGKB summary: Very important pharmacogene information for N-acetyltransferase 2. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2014; 24(8): 409-425. DOI: 10.1097\/FPC.0000000000000062.","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0000000000000062"},{"key":"96392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirota N, Ito K, Iwatsubo T, et al.: In vitro\/in vivo scaling of alprazolam metabolism by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in humans. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2001; 22(2): 53-71. DOI: 10.1002\/bdd.261.","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.261"},{"key":"96393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galetin A, Brown C, Hallifax D, et al.: Utility of recombinant enzyme kinetics in prediction of human clearance: Impact of variability, CYP3A5, and CYP2C19 on CYP3A4 probe substrates. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004; 32(12): 1411-1420. DOI: 10.1124\/dmd.104.000844.","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.104.000844"},{"key":"96394","unstructured":"Allqvist A: The role of CYP3A4\/5 in alprazolam metabolism. 2010. Available at https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:46604972. Accessed February 9, 2025."},{"key":"96395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall J, Naranjo CA, Sproule BA, et al.: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the inhibition of alprazolam by citalopram and fluoxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003; 23(4): 349-357. DOI: 10.1097\/01.jcp.0000085407.08426.e1.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000085407.08426.e1"},{"key":"96396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng S, Ward L, Parish B, et al.: Urine drug testing concentration ranges for select benzodiazepines. J Anal Pharm Res. 2019; 8(1): 12-13. DOI: 10.15406\/japlr.2019.08.00303.","DOI":"10.15406\/japlr.2019.08.00303"},{"key":"96397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein JM, Arvanitis LA: Seroquel: A dibenzothiazepine atypical antipsychotic. Review of preclinical pharmacology and highlights of phase II clinical trials. CNS Drug Rev. 1995; 1(1): 50-73. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1527-3458.1995.tb00276.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.1995.tb00276.x"},{"key":"96398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvanitis LA, Miller BG: Multiple fixed doses of \u201cseroquel\u201d (quetiapine) in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: A comparison with haloperidol and placebo. The seroquel trial 13 study group. Biol Psychiatry. 1997; 42(4): 233-246. DOI: 10.1016\/s0006-3223(97)00190-x.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00190-X"},{"key":"96399","unstructured":"Caccia S: New antipsychotic agents for schizophrenia: Pharmacokinetics and metabolism update. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2000; 3(7): 1073-1080."},{"key":"96400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakken GV, Rudberg I, Christensen H, et al.: Metabolism of quetiapine by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in presence or absence of cytochrome B5. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009; 37(2): 254-258. DOI: 10.1124\/dmd.108.023291.","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.108.023291"},{"key":"96401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim KA, Joo HJ, Lee HM, et al.: Influence of ABCB1 and CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of quetiapine in healthy volunteers. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2014; 24(1): 35-42. DOI: 10.1097\/FPC.0000000000000020.","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0000000000000020"},{"key":"96402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u00e4uble CK, Lampert ML, Mikoteit T, et al.: Severe adverse drug reactions to quetiapine in two patients carrying CYP2D6*4 variants: A case report. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(12): 6480. DOI: 10.3390\/ijms22126480.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126480"},{"key":"96403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignali C, Freni F, Magnani C, et al.: Distribution of quetiapine and metabolites in biological fluids and tissues. Forensic Sci Int. 2020; 307: 110108. DOI: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.110108.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.110108"},{"key":"96404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saar E, Beyer J, Gerostamoulos D, et al.: The time-dependent post-mortem redistribution of antipsychotic drugs. Forensic Sci Int. 2012; 222(1-3): 223-227. DOI: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.05.028.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.05.028"},{"key":"96405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams HR, Kerzee T, Morehead CD: Carisoprodol-related death in a child. J Forensic Sci. 1975; 20(1): 200-202.","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS10259J"},{"key":"96406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tse SA, Atayee RS, Best BM, et al.: Evaluating the relationship between carisoprodol concentrations and meprobamate formation and inter-subject and intra-subject variability in urinary excretion data of pain patients. J Anal Toxicol. 2012; 36(4): 221-231. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/bks018.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks018"},{"key":"96407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tse SA, Atayee RS, Ma JD, et al.: Factors affecting carisoprodol metabolism in pain patients using urinary excretion data. J Anal Toxicol. 2014; 38(3): 122-128. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/bku002.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku002"},{"key":"96408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wedlund PJ: The CYP2C19 enzyme polymorphism. Pharmacology. 2000; 61(3): 174-183. DOI: 10.1159\/000028398.","DOI":"10.1159\/000028398"},{"key":"96409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fishbain DA, Fishbain D, Lewis J, et al.: Genetic testing for enzymes of drug metabolism: Does it have clinical utility for pain medicine at the present time? A structured review. Pain Med. 2004; 5(1): 81-93. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2004.04007.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2004.04007.x"},{"key":"96410","unstructured":"Pharmacogene Variation (PharmVar) Consortium: 2024. Available at https:\/\/www.pharmvar.org\/. Accessed February 9, 2025."},{"key":"96411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bramness JG, Skurtveit S, Fauske L, et al.: Association between blood carisoprodol: Meprobamate concentration ratios and CYP2C19 genotype in carisoprodol-drugged drivers: Decreased metabolic capacity in heterozygous CYP2C19*1\/CYP2C19*2 subjects? Pharmacogenetics. 2003; 13(7): 383-388. DOI: 10.1097\/01.fpc.0000054098.48725.88.","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-200307000-00003"},{"key":"96412","unstructured":"Baselt RC: Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. 8th ed. Biomedical Publ., Foster City, California, 2008."},{"key":"96413","unstructured":"Carisoprodol: Qualitest Pharmaceuticals, Huntsville, AL. 2009. NDC Code: 67296-0271-1. Available at https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c6f62299-5cab-4251-8bc3-8239dbd6b48e. Accessed February 9, 2025."},{"key":"96414","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terlinden R, Ossig J, Fliegert F, et al.: Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of 14C-labeled tapentadol HCl in healthy male subjects. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2007; 32(3): 163-169. DOI: 10.1007\/BF03190478.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03190478"},{"key":"96415","unstructured":"PDR Network: Physicians\u2019 Desk Reference, 64th ed. Montvale, NJ: PDR Network, 2010."},{"key":"96416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourland JA, Collins AA, Chester SA, et al.: Determination of tapentadol (Nucynta\u00ae) and N-desmethyltapentadol in authentic urine specimens by ultra-performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol. 2010; 34(8): 450-457. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/34.8.450.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.8.450"},{"key":"96417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nimmo WS, Clements JA: Ketamine on demand for postoperative analgesia. Anaesthesia. 1981; 36(8): 826-826. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1981.tb08835.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1981.tb08835.x"},{"key":"96418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White PF, Way WL, Trevor AJ: Ketamine\u2014Its pharmacology and therapeutic uses. Anesthesiology. 1982; 56(2): 119-136. DOI: 10.1097\/00000542-198202000-00007.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198202000-00007"},{"key":"96419","unstructured":"Yanagihara Y, Kariya S, Ohtani M, et al.: Involvement of CYP2B6 in n-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001; 29(6): 887-890."},{"key":"96420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore KA, Sklerov J, Levine B, et al.: Urine concentrations of ketamine and norketamine following illegal consumption. J Anal Toxicol. 2001; 25(7): 583-588. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/25.7.583.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/25.7.583"},{"key":"96421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen CY, Lee MR, Cheng FC, et al.: Determination of ketamine and metabolites in urine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta. 2007; 72(3): 1217-1222. DOI: 10.1016\/j.talanta.2007.01.016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2007.01.016"},{"key":"96422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Jong LAA, Qurishi R, Stams MPJ, et al.: Prolonged ketamine and norketamine excretion profiles in urine after chronic use: A case series. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020; 40(3): 300-304. DOI: 10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001191.","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001191"},{"key":"96423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim EM, Lee JS, Choi SK, et al.: Analysis of ketamine and norketamine in urine by automatic solid-phase extraction (SPE) and positive ion chemical ionization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PCI-GC-MS). Forensic Sci Int. 2008; 174(2-3): 197-202. DOI: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.04.217.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.04.217"},{"key":"96424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iribarne C, Berthou F, Baird S, et al.: Involvement of cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme in the N-demethylation of methadone in human liver microsomes. Chem Res Toxicol. 1996; 9(2): 365-373. DOI: 10.1021\/tx950116m.","DOI":"10.1021\/tx950116m"},{"key":"96425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crettol S, Deglon J, Besson J, et al.: Methadone enantiomer plasma levels, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9 genotypes, and response to treatment. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005; 78(6): 593-604. DOI: 10.1016\/j.clpt.2005.08.011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2005.08.011"},{"key":"96426","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadiev E, Patel V, Rad P, et al.: Role of pharmacogenetics in variable response to drugs: Focus on opioids. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008; 4(1): 77-91. DOI: 10.1517\/17425255.4.1.77.","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.4.1.77"},{"key":"96427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Totah RA, Sheffels P, Roberts T, et al.: Role of CYP2B6 in stereoselective human methadone metabolism. Anesthesiology. 2008; 108(3): 363-374. DOI: 10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181642938.","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181642938"},{"key":"96428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leimanis E, Best BM, Atayee RS, et al.: Evaluating the relationship of methadone concentrations and EDDP formation in chronic pain patients. J Anal Toxicol. 2012; 36(4): 239-249. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/bks020.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks020"},{"key":"96429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verebely K, Volavka J, Mul\u00e9 S, et al.: Methadone in man: Pharmacokinetic and excretion studies in acute and chronic treatment. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1975; 18(2): 180-190. DOI: 10.1002\/cpt1975182180.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1975182180"},{"key":"96430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diong SH, Mohd Yusoff NS, Sim MS, et al.: Quantitation of methadone and metabolite in patients under maintenance treatment. J Anal Toxicol. 2014; 38(9): 660-666. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/bku096.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku096"},{"key":"96431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su P, Coutts RT, Baker GB, et al.: Analysis of imipramine and three metabolites produced by isozyme CYP2D6 expressed in a human cell line. Xenobiotica. 1993; 23(11): 1289-1298. DOI: 10.3109\/00498259309059439.","DOI":"10.3109\/00498259309059439"},{"key":"96432","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u00f8sen K, Klysner R, Gram LF, et al.: Steady-state concentrations of imipramine and its metabolites in relation to the sparteine\/debrisoquine polymorphism. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1986; 30(6): 679-684. DOI: 10.1007\/BF00608215.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00608215"},{"key":"96433","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramey K, Ma JD, Best BM, et al.: Variability in metabolism of imipramine and desipramine using urinary excretion data. J Anal Toxicol. 2014; 38(6): 368-374. DOI: 10.1093\/jat\/bku034.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku034"},{"key":"96434","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u00e8ze M, Villain M, P\u00e9pin G: Determination of bromazepam, clonazepam and metabolites after a single intake in urine and hair by LC-MS\/MS. Application to forensic cases of drug facilitated crimes. Forensic Sci Int. 2004; 145(2-3): 123-130. DOI: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.04.066.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.04.066"},{"key":"96435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanz M, Thormann W: Characterization of the stereo-selective metabolism of methadone and its primary metabolite via cyclodextrin capillary electrophoretic determination of their urinary enantiomers. Electrophoresis. 1996; 17(12): 1945-1949. DOI: 10.1002\/elps.1150171223.","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150171223"},{"key":"96436","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham-Huy C, Chikhi-Chorfi N, Galons H, et al.: Enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography determination of methadone enantiomers and its major metabolite in human biological fluids using a new derivatized cyclodextrin-bonded phase. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997; 700(1-2): 155-163. DOI: 10.1016\/s0378-4347(97)00317-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(97)00317-4"},{"key":"96437","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelo HR, Beck N, Kristensen K: Enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of methadone and its main metabolite in urine using an AGP and a C8 column coupled serially. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999; 724(1): 35-40. DOI: 10.1016\/s0378-4347(98)00551-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(98)00551-9"},{"key":"96438","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen MKK, Johansen SS, Linnet K: Evaluation of metabolite\/ drug ratios in blood and urine as a tool for confirmation of a reduced tolerance in methadone-related deaths in Denmark. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013; 133(2): 447-451. DOI: 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Opioid Management"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wmpllc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/jom\/article\/download\/3879\/4164","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wmpllc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/jom\/article\/download\/3879\/4164","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T15:16:50Z","timestamp":1753715810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wmpllc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/jom\/article\/view\/3879"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5055\/jom.0904","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-7489","1551-7489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-7489","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1551-7489","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]}}}