{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T23:57:33Z","timestamp":1771977453178,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Weston Medical Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Opioid Management"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug abuse and misuse have been a public health issue for many years. To curb this problem, abuse-deterrent formulations (ADFs) have been developed. The present research aimed to develop an ADF using a simple yet effective, scalable, and cost-effective technique. The combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials was used to develop the ADF. The hydrophilic drug molecule was coated with a hydrophobic wax material (hydrogenated castor oil\u2014HCO). This hydrophobic coating retards drug extraction and release from the crushed formulation. A hydrophilic polymer, polyethylene oxide (PEO), was included in ADF. It provides mechanical strength to the formulation and deters from physical manipulation. It can also form a gel-like structure by rapid uptake of solvent, which deters intravenous abuse. In this research, HCO was explored as a hydrophobic material. A 32 full factorial design was utilized to optimize the formulation, in which the quantity of HCO and PEO has a significant impact on the abuse-deterrent features of the formulation. The optimized formulation was tested using a range of real-life conditions. Stability study proves that the prepared formulation is stable at accelerated and long-term conditions for 6 months.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.0973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T23:02:10Z","timestamp":1771974130000},"page":"51-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development, optimization, and in vitro assessment of abuse-deterrent formulation"],"prefix":"10.5055","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4318-268X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaydip","family":"Bhola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9517-7578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chetan","family":"Borkhataria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3008","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"99777","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheatle MD, Barker C: Improving opioid prescription practices and reducing patient risk in the primary care setting. 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