{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T23:31:16Z","timestamp":1768519876921,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Colegio Oficial de la Psicologia de Madrid","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"DOI":"10.5093\/pi2026a3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:24:11Z","timestamp":1768465451000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Defender, Passive, and Pro-Bully: Exploring Bystanders\u2019 Intentions toward Cyberbullying"],"prefix":"10.5093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Cirenia","family":"Quintana-Orts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Alc\u00e1ntara-L\u00e1zaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn A.","family":"Mora-Merch\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Del Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3052","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key20260115092350096_B01","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","author":"Ajzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446249215.n22","volume-title":"Handbook of theories of social psychology","author":"Ajzen","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260115092350096_B03","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.195","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior: Frequently asked questions","volume":"2","author":"Ajzen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260115092350096_B04","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2021.140","article-title":"Validation of a scale for assessing bystander responses in bullying","volume":"33","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"issue":"21","key":"key20260115092350096_B05","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114196","article-title":"Assessing cyberbullying in adolescence: New evidence for the Spanish version of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIP-Q)","volume":"19","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Mar\u00edn","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B06"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260115092350096_B07","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0412","article-title":"The role of short- and long-term cognitive empathy activation in preventing cyberbystander reinforcing cyberbullying behavior","volume":"18","author":"Barliska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B08","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00799","article-title":"Cyberbullying among adolescent bystanders: Role of affective versus cognitive empathy in increasing prosocial cyberbystander behavior","volume":"9","author":"Barliska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260115092350096_B09","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12134","article-title":"From normative influence to social pressure: How relevant others affect whether bystanders join in cyberbullying","volume":"25","author":"Bastiaensens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Development"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.10.036","article-title":"Cyberbullying on social network sites. An experimental study into bystanders\u2019 behavioural intentions to help the victim or reinforce the bully","volume":"31","author":"Bastiaensens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260115092350096_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2014.02.001","article-title":"Early adolescents\u2019 willingness to intervene: What roles do attributions, affect, coping, and self-reported victimization play?","volume":"52","author":"Batanova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of School Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20260115092350096_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.68.6.1042","article-title":"Immorality from empathy-induced altruism: When compassion and justice conflict","volume":"68","author":"Batson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B13","first-page":"259","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior","author":"Batson","year":"2015"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2019.11.006","article-title":"Defending victims of cyberbullying: the role of self-efficacy and moral disengagement","volume":"78","author":"Bussey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of School Psychology"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106340","article-title":"The role of self-efficacy in defending cyberbullying victims","volume":"109","author":"Clark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"9-10","key":"key20260115092350096_B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP6329","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520967128","article-title":"Me and others around: The roles of personal and social norms in Chinese adolescent bystanders\u2019 responses toward cyberbullying","volume":"37","author":"Dang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.12.051","article-title":"Deciding whether to look after them, to like it, or leave it: A multidimensional analysis of predictors of positive and negative bystander behavior in cyberbullying among adolescents","volume":"57","author":"DeSmet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s42380-019-00051-5","article-title":"Bystanders against cyberbullying: A video program for college students","volume":"2","author":"Doane","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Bullying Prevention"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260115092350096_B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21610","article-title":"Reducing cyberbullying: A theory of reasoned action-based video prevention program for college students","volume":"42","author":"Doane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0601-4","article-title":"Dimensions of peer influences and their relationship to adolescents\u2019 aggression, other problem behaviors and prosocial behavior","volume":"46","author":"Farrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Youth Adolescence"},{"issue":"12","key":"key20260115092350096_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12163","article-title":"How beliefs and unpleasant emotions direct cyberbullying intentions","volume":"8","author":"Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"13-14","key":"key20260115092350096_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP11333","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260521992158","article-title":"Psychological predictors of bystanders\u2019 intention to help cyberbullying victims among college students: An application of theory of planned behavior","volume":"37","author":"Hayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107147","article-title":"Children\u2019s risk and benefit behaviours on social networking sites","volume":"130","author":"Hayes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S397770","article-title":"The severity of cyberbullying affects bystander intervention among college students: The roles of feelings of responsibility and empathy","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychology Research and Behavior Management"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.965017","article-title":"Factors influencing negative cyber-bystander behavior: A systematic literature review","volume":"10","author":"Jeyagobi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260115092350096_B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmy005","article-title":"Cyberbullying bystander intervention: The number of offenders and retweeting predict likelihood of helping a cyberbullying victim","volume":"23","author":"Kazerooni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260115092350096_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2020.1865271","article-title":"Gender differences in alcohol onset and drinking frequency in adolescents: An\u00a0application of the theory of planned behavior","volume":"29","author":"Kyrrestad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.05.007","article-title":"Standing up to bullying: A social ecological review of peer defending in offline and online contexts","volume":"45","author":"Lambe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.483250","article-title":"To help or not to help: Intervening in cyberbullying among Chinese cyber-bystanders","volume":"12","author":"Leung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20260115092350096_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2023.0032","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 cyber-defending for cyberbullying: A socio-emotional, beliefs, and past experience model","volume":"26","author":"Leung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260115092350096_B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/15388220.2016.1222499","article-title":"Bystanders\u2019 supportive and passive responses to cyberaggression","volume":"17","author":"Machackova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of School Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260115092350096_B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/15388220.2011.578276","article-title":"Moral disengagement among bystanders to school bullying","volume":"10","author":"Obermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of School Violence"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260115092350096_B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515585531","article-title":"Bystanders\u2019 behaviour in cyberbullying episodes: Active and passive patterns in the context of personal-socioemotional factors","volume":"32","author":"Olenik-Shemesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.04.022","article-title":"Exposure to cyberbullying as a bystander: An investigation of desensitization effects among early adolescents","volume":"62","author":"Pabian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-023-09846-3","article-title":"Bully-victims in bullying and cyberbullying: An analysis of school-level risk factors","volume":"27","author":"Quintana-Orts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social Psychology of Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260115092350096_B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.1.98","article-title":"A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys","volume":"132","author":"Rose","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20260115092350096_B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0465-7","article-title":"Gender differences in the factors explaining risky behavior online","volume":"45","author":"Sasson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20260115092350096_B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18070","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03015-z","article-title":"Empathy and cyberbystander behavior: The role of moral disengagement","volume":"42","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"key20260115092350096_B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241262216","article-title":"Prevalence rates of bullying: A comparison between a definition-based scale and a behavior-based scale","volume":"40","author":"Sj\u00f6gren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20260115092350096_B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.23134","article-title":"Reciprocal longitudinal associations of defender self-efficacy with defending and passive bystanding in peer victimization","volume":"61","author":"Sj\u00f6gren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260115092350096_B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.14697610.2007.01846.x","article-title":"Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils","volume":"49","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.10.008","article-title":"Factors influencing bystanders\u2019 behavioral reactions in cyberbullying situations","volume":"78","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20260115092350096_B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20105825","article-title":"Has the COVID-19 pandemic affected cyberbullying and cybervictimization prevalence among children and adolescents? A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260115092350096_B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2013.02.003","article-title":"Bystander behavior in bullying situations: Basic moral sensitivity, moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy","volume":"36","author":"Thornberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20260115092350096_B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21534","article-title":"Personal characteristics and contextual factors that determine \u201chelping,\u201d \u201cjoining in,\u201d and \u201cdoing nothing\u201d when witnessing cyberbullying","volume":"40","author":"Van Cleemput","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B46"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20260115092350096_B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820902541","article-title":"Standing up or standing by: Bystander intervention in cyberbullying on social media","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03623319.2020.1861826","article-title":"Effects of victimization experience, gender, and empathic distress on bystanders\u2019 intervening behavior in cyberbullying","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Social Science Journal"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2019.101284","article-title":"The bystander effect in cyberbullying on social network sites: Anonymity, group size, and intervention intentions","volume":"45","author":"You","year":"2019","journal-title":"Telematics and Informatics"},{"key":"key20260115092350096_B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107484","article-title":"Cyberbullying experience and bystanders\u2019 behavior in cyberbullying incidents: The serial mediating roles of perceived incident severity and empathy","volume":"138","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"}],"container-title":["Psychosocial Intervention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:24:12Z","timestamp":1768465452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.copmadrid.org\/pi\/art\/pi2026a3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.5093\/pi2026a3"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5093\/pi2026a3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1132-0559","2173-4712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1132-0559","type":"print"},{"value":"2173-4712","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"e260811"}}