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However, the absence of a standardized definition hinders timely diagnosis and treatment.\nThis study systematically explores the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and causes of TCS, aiming to establish a comprehensive definition to guide diagnosis and research. A multi-stage review process was employed. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full texts of studies identified through databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, and SpringerLink, complemented by gray literature searches in NTIS and EAGLE. Inclusion criteria focused on adult patients, excluding pediatric and obstetric populations. The search spanned all relevant studies published up to December 20, 2024.\nTCS remains under-recognized yet poses significant risks in critically ill patients. This article proposes a definition grounded in evidence and pathophysiological insights to aid diagnosis and future investigations into this life-threatening condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5114\/ait\/214054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T08:14:47Z","timestamp":1766132087000},"page":"381-387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Pandora\u2019s box:  a review of thoracic compartment syndrome"],"prefix":"10.5114","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9964-7151","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michel","family":"P\u00e9rez-Garz\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Rojas-Arrieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Quintero-Altare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4613-1703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Robayo-Amortegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1622181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/AIT.2014.0064"},{"key":"ref-1622182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM"},{"key":"ref-1622183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shurtleff EM, Galante JM. Definition, pathomechanism of the tho\u00adracic compartment syndrome. In: Coccolini F, Malbrain ML, Kirkpatrick AW, Gamberini E (eds.). Compartment syndrome. Hot topics in acute care surgery and trauma. Cham: Springer; 2021, pp. 35-39.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55378-4_4"},{"key":"ref-1622184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed"},{"key":"ref-1622185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4400-x"},{"key":"ref-1622186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.67.1.113"},{"key":"ref-1622187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199602000-00021"},{"key":"ref-1622188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract14050148"},{"key":"ref-1622189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iaizzo PA. Handbook of cardiac anatomy, physiology, and devices. 3rd ed. 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