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Lung microbiome, by modulating the expression of innate immunity genes, causes an increase in the concentration of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-10, interferon \u03b3 and C-C motif chemokine ligand 11, affects the toll-like receptor-4-dependent response of pulmonary macrophages and modulate the production of antibacterial peptides contained in  the mucus. It is documented that disorders of the lung microbiome contribute to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However it is known that pulmonary dysbiosis also occurs in critically ill patients. 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