{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:10:26Z","timestamp":1758845426389,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis"],"abstract":"Introduction<\/jats:title>Isolated cardiac sarcoidosis (ICS) is characterized by a lack of the apparent extra-cardiac involvement seen in systemic cardiac sarcoidosis (SCS) and is being increasingly recognized as a distinct clinical phenotype of cardiac sarcoidosis. This systematic review and meta-analysis pooled data from published literature to assess any differences in outcomes of ICS vs. SCS patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Material and methods<\/jats:title>Studies were identified from PubMed\/Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Risk ratios were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel method in a random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Higgins <i>I<sup>2<\/sup><\/i> statistic. Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis was also performed. The primary outcome was a composite of MACE, including cardiac death, ventricular arrhythmias, or hospitalization for heart failure. The secondary outcomes included sudden cardiac death, arrhythmias, and heart-failure-related hospitalizations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The analysis included 7 studies and 918 CS patients (28.9% ICS and 71.1% SCS). Increased risk for arrhythmias (RR = 3.06, 95% CI: 0.98 to 9.55, <i>p<\/i> = 0.05, <i>I<sup>2<\/sup><\/i> = 67%) in patients with ICS compared to SCS was observed. No significant difference was observed for composite outcome (RR = 1.43, 95% CI: 0.93 to 2.18, <i>p<\/i> = 0.10, <i>I<sup>2<\/sup><\/i> = 0%), HF-related hospitalizations (RR = 6.83, 95% CI: 0.47 to 100.33,<i> p<\/i> = 0.16, <i>I<sup>2<\/sup><\/i> = 80%), or cardiac death (RR = 1.85, 95% CI: 0.49 to 7.08, <i>p<\/i> = 0.37, <i>I<sup>2<\/sup><\/i> = 0%) between the two groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Although ICS patients were more likely to experience arrhythmias, no significant difference was observed between ICS and SCS patients for composite outcome, cardiac death, or hospitalizations due to heart failure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5114\/amsad\/209036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T08:37:53Z","timestamp":1758789473000},"page":"96-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical outcomes of isolated versus systemic cardiac sarcoidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.5114","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2814-7314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Raheel","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Areeba","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mushood","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamleshun","family":"Ramphul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hritvik","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Faisal","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnan Hasan","family":"Afridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renju Philip","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nimra","family":"Zuberi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Easa","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irfan","family":"Rind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Saddam","family":"Jeelani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsin Zia Sana","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2453-7377","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nitish Kumar","family":"Behary Paray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1500345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drent M, Crouser ED, Grunewald J. 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