{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T12:44:44Z","timestamp":1747226684812,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Med Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antiviral natural products have shown promising alternative for conventional drug-resistance in hepatitis B virus (HBV).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated the in vitro hepatocytotoxicity (HepG2 cells; MTT assay) followed by anti-HBV efficacy (HepG2.2.15 cell; HBV-antigens ELISA)  of Ilex paraguariensis leaves total-ethanol extract (IP-Ext) and fractionated preparations in n-hexane (IP-Hex), chloroform (IP-Chl), ethyl acetate (IP-EtAc) and ethanol (IP-EtOH).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All tested samples showed non-cytotoxicity except IP-EtAc having mild toxic effect at 200 \u03bcg\/ml. Their anti-HBV assessment showed dose-dependent inhibitions of HBV antigens (HBs\/HBe). At the selected optimal dose (50 \u03bcg\/ml), while IP-Ext showed mild (HBsAg: 24.2% &amp; HBeAg: 20.6%) and IP-Chl showed moderate (HBsAg: 42.3% &amp; 40.1%) activities, IP-Hex (HBsAg: 55.6% &amp; HBeAg: 52.4%) and IP-EtOH (HBsAg: 53.2% &amp; HBeAg: 50.2%) exhibited high activities. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) validation identified known anti-HBV flavonoids (Rutin: 18.98, Quercetin: 6.52 and Kaempferol: 9.10 \u03bcg\/g) and polyphenols (Caffeic acid: 11.43 and Chlorogenic acid: 3.22 \u03bcg\/g) in the extract. Their estimated anti-HBV activities at 10 \u03bcg\/ml dose were: Quercetin (HBsAg: 67.8 % &amp; HBeAg: 64.4%), Kaempferol (HBsAg: 63.5 % &amp; HBeAg: 61.6%), Chlorogenic acid (HBsAg: 55.2% &amp; HBeAg: 53.8%), Rutin (HBsAg: 51.2% &amp; HBeAg: 48.4%) and Caffeic acid (HBsAg: 42.2% &amp; HBeAg: 39.5%). Notably, while our previous molecular docking studies had shown strong interactions of these flavonoids with HBV polymerase active-residues, here, we demonstrated good binding-affinities of the polyphenols with drug-sensitive (wild-type) and drug-resistant (mutant) polymerases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, this is the first study suggesting the anti-HBV therapeutic efficacy of I. paraguariensis attributed to its antiviral phytochemicals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/188809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T22:19:27Z","timestamp":1717712367000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antiviral flavonoids and polyphenols driven novel anti-HBV efficacy of Ilex paraguariensis"],"prefix":"10.5114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7154-9151","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Khalid","family":"Parvez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"container-title":["Archives of Medical Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.archivesofmedicalscience.com\/pdf-188809-110980","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.archivesofmedicalscience.com\/pdf-188809-110980","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T22:19:37Z","timestamp":1717712377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.archivesofmedicalscience.com\/Antiviral-flavonoids-and-polyphenols-driven-novel-anti-HBV-efficacy-of-Ilex-paraguariensis,188809,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["188809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/aoms\/188809","relation":{},"ISSN":["1734-1922","1896-9151"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1734-1922"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1896-9151"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]}}}