{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T15:47:27Z","timestamp":1759160847445},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Med Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study evaluated whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are significantly and independently associated with six key outcomes in the Polish general population: (1) lifetime suicide attempt, (2) self-mutilation, (3) potential problem drinking, (4) use of street drugs, (5) visiting a psychologist\/psychotherapist, and (6) visiting a psychiatrist. We also investigated whether ACEs explain a significant proportion of variability in generalized self-efficacy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six hundred and fifty-nine individuals completed the ACE Study questionnaire (physical, verbal, and sexual abuse; neglect; select family dysfunctions) and three additional questions [ACE (13) questionnaire]: witnessing (1) a family member\u2019s suicide attempt or (2) death due to any cause except completed suicide, and (3) a stranger\u2019s death due to any cause (e.g., traffic accident). Generalized self-efficacy was assessed with the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The likelihood of lifetime use of street drugs, potential problem drinking, and visiting a psychologist\/psychotherapist and psychiatrist increased as ACE and ACE (13) score increased. As compared to scores of &lt; 4, ACE (13) scores of \u2265 4 were associated with a 10.8-fold increased likelihood of self-mutilation, a 3.26-fold increased likelihood of potential problem drinking, a 5.72-fold increased likelihood of visiting a psychologist\/psychotherapist, and a 6.71-fold increased likelihood of visiting a psychiatrist. ACE (13) score explained 1.2% of the variability in generalized self-efficacy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study identified a strong association between childhood adversity and increased likelihood of lifetime self-mutilation, potential problem drinking, visiting a psychologist\/psychotherapist, and visiting a psychiatrist. Generalized self-efficacy may be an important target for secondary intervention following childhood adversity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2020.96343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T09:30:38Z","timestamp":1592213438000},"page":"769-789","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The role of adverse childhood experiences in risky behaviors, health care utilization, and generalized self-efficacy in the general adult Polish population"],"prefix":"10.5114","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Dominika","family":"Berent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Masovian Regional Psychiatric Hospital Drewnica, Z\u0105bki, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Wojnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1216693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. 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