{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:07:54Z","timestamp":1789776474496,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioTechnologia"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical role of vaccines in controlling infectious diseases, with liposome-based formulations emerging as a pivotal advancement in vaccine technology. Liposomes are spherical vesicles composed of lipid bilayers that serve as drug delivery systems and versatile adjuvants, enhancing vaccine efficacy through improved antigen stability, targeted delivery, and immunogenicity. This review explores the potential of liposomes as adjuvants in both mRNA and protein subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, detailing their composition and dual impact on innate and adaptive immune responses. Notably, liposome-based mRNA vaccines, such as those developed by Pfizer and Moderna, have demonstrated high efficacy by utilizing lipid nanoparticles to encapsulate mRNA and stimulate antigen-presenting cells, thereby inducing robust immune responses. Despite their advan\u00adtages, challenges remain, including the optimization of lipid compositions and the mitigation of adverse immune effects. This review also examines the broad applications of liposomes in nanomedicine \u2014 from cancer therapy to antifungal treatments \u2014 and their potential for future vaccine development. By bridging the gap between engineering and immunology, the study of liposomes underscores their transformative potential in addressing current and emerging global health challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5114\/bta\/207680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T10:51:21Z","timestamp":1756896681000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Delivery and adjuvant: liposomes for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines"],"prefix":"10.5114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8241-2153","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Indira Putri","family":"Negari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2366-0092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azka Narari","family":"Khoerunnisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9915-6739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarwadi","family":"Tarwadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3634-8167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anissa Nofita","family":"Sari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5275-9022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsung Hsien","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1500748","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00399-0"},{"key":"ref-1500749","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jssc.65815"},{"key":"ref-1500750","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218031"},{"key":"ref-1500751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/dmpt-2018-0032"},{"key":"ref-1500752","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911763"},{"key":"ref-1500753","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2016.1151871"},{"key":"ref-1500754","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00715-19"},{"key":"ref-1500755","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-022-00941-x"},{"key":"ref-1500756","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.005"},{"key":"ref-1500757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26717\/bjstr.2020.29.004732"},{"key":"ref-1500758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.02.040"},{"key":"ref-1500759","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2020.104987"},{"key":"ref-1500760","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040799"},{"key":"ref-1500761","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11070311"},{"key":"ref-1500762","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17863-5"},{"key":"ref-1500763","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/COSMETICS7020022"},{"key":"ref-1500764","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.10.121"},{"key":"ref-1500765","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S68861"},{"key":"ref-1500766","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-015-0220-8"},{"key":"ref-1500767","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2015.10.001"},{"key":"ref-1500768","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.6b00342"},{"key":"ref-1500769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08982104.2016.1140184"},{"key":"ref-1500770","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23208"},{"key":"ref-1500771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c00495"},{"key":"ref-1500772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201703036"},{"key":"ref-1500773","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9121489"},{"key":"ref-1500774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-019-0452-8"},{"key":"ref-1500775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christensen D, Polacek C, Sheward DJ, Hanke L, Moliner-Morro A, McInerney G, Murrell B, Top Hartmann K, Elvang Jensen H, Jungersen G, et al. 2022. Protection against SARS-CoV-2 transmission by a parenteral prime-intranasal boost vaccine strategy. EBioMedicine. 84: 104248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104248"},{"key":"ref-1500776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8043983"},{"key":"ref-1500777","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020117"},{"key":"ref-1500778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/21691401.2014.953633"},{"key":"ref-1500779","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102583"},{"key":"ref-1500780","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11533-1"},{"key":"ref-1500781","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.905197"},{"key":"ref-1500782","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b08901"},{"key":"ref-1500783","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-42868-2.00012-7"},{"key":"ref-1500784","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2021.06.008"},{"key":"ref-1500785","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050819"},{"key":"ref-1500786","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071120"},{"key":"ref-1500787","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.11.042"},{"key":"ref-1500788","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26072047"},{"key":"ref-1500789","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-016-3247-z"},{"key":"ref-1500790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00345"},{"key":"ref-1500791","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071721"},{"key":"ref-1500792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life14060672"},{"key":"ref-1500793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120711"},{"key":"ref-1500794","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00357"},{"key":"ref-1500795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b00825"},{"key":"ref-1500796","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2011.574610"},{"key":"ref-1500797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics8020019"},{"key":"ref-1500798","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2021.100104"},{"key":"ref-1500799","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-585-9_6"},{"key":"ref-1500800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26655\/jmchemsci.2019.6.2"},{"key":"ref-1500801","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2011.558081"},{"key":"ref-1500802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112539"},{"key":"ref-1500803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.22.436375"},{"key":"ref-1500804","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.10.019"},{"key":"ref-1500805","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00358-0"},{"key":"ref-1500806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264-410x(01)00487-x"},{"key":"ref-1500807","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24662"},{"key":"ref-1500808","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.01.028"},{"key":"ref-1500809","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3123"},{"key":"ref-1500810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2022483"},{"key":"ref-1500811","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.02.024"},{"key":"ref-1500812","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16010034"},{"key":"ref-1500813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2019.1652268"},{"key":"ref-1500814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.01.017"},{"key":"ref-1500815","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114875"},{"key":"ref-1500816","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24418"},{"key":"ref-1500817","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4068\/cmj.2021.57.1.27"},{"key":"ref-1500818","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2017.1306054"},{"key":"ref-1500819","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2015.19.6.543"},{"key":"ref-1500820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155654"},{"key":"ref-1500821","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2016.1242624"},{"key":"ref-1500822","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.23773"},{"key":"ref-1500823","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18300"},{"key":"ref-1500824","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/bta.2022.120709"},{"key":"ref-1500825","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020288"},{"key":"ref-1500826","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00005-21"},{"key":"ref-1500827","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01086-x"},{"key":"ref-1500828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800016"},{"key":"ref-1500829","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2019.10.002"},{"key":"ref-1500830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.126447"},{"key":"ref-1500831","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2020.07.015"},{"key":"ref-1500832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041372"},{"key":"ref-1500833","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3702518"},{"key":"ref-1500834","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.11.004"},{"key":"ref-1500835","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj1476"},{"key":"ref-1500836","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2015.0129"},{"key":"ref-1500837","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/fso.14.3"},{"key":"ref-1500838","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034255"},{"key":"ref-1500839","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2019.1627174"},{"key":"ref-1500840","unstructured":"Mohan T, Verma P, Rao DN. 2013. Novel adjuvants and delivery vehicles for vaccines development: a road ahead. Indian J Med Res. 138: 779\u2013795."},{"key":"ref-1500841","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120645"},{"key":"ref-1500842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00902-w"},{"key":"ref-1500843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics"},{"key":"ref-1500844","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18006\/2022.10(3).487.493"},{"key":"ref-1500845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.07.003"},{"key":"ref-1500846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2016.1202343"},{"key":"ref-1500847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006049"},{"key":"ref-1500848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2013.09.007"},{"key":"ref-1500849","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425240903018863"},{"key":"ref-1500850","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8md00515j"},{"key":"ref-1500851","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09394"},{"key":"ref-1500852","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23"},{"key":"ref-1500853","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c06714"},{"key":"ref-1500854","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2024v16i1.49563"},{"key":"ref-1500855","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15030782"},{"key":"ref-1500856","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00046"},{"key":"ref-1500857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8030089"},{"key":"ref-1500858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.03.018"},{"key":"ref-1500859","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrie Y. 2008. Introducing liposomes to drug delivery. J Drug Target. 16(7\u20138): 518\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/ 10611860802228376.","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860802228376"},{"key":"ref-1500860","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6445-1_9"},{"key":"ref-1500861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.01.006"},{"key":"ref-1500862","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2020.105032"},{"key":"ref-1500863","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-959X\/ab8075"},{"key":"ref-1500864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00163-y"},{"key":"ref-1500865","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b22693"},{"key":"ref-1500866","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010195"},{"key":"ref-1500867","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.04.002"},{"key":"ref-1500868","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13040699"},{"key":"ref-1500869","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.07.043"},{"key":"ref-1500870","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120586"},{"key":"ref-1500871","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S90781"},{"key":"ref-1500872","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.11.952"},{"key":"ref-1500873","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-101750-0.00001-5"},{"key":"ref-1500874","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/891707"},{"key":"ref-1500875","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c9nr03931g"},{"key":"ref-1500876","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118919"},{"key":"ref-1500877","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2015.05.005"},{"key":"ref-1500878","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S33923"},{"key":"ref-1500879","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-42868-2.00005-X"},{"key":"ref-1500880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2016.05.012"},{"key":"ref-1500881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139785"},{"key":"ref-1500882","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01160-y"},{"key":"ref-1500883","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022"},{"key":"ref-1500884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S1990747822020076"},{"key":"ref-1500885","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031498"},{"key":"ref-1500886","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13317"},{"key":"ref-1500887","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36984"},{"key":"ref-1500888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2017.1407035"},{"key":"ref-1500889","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04411-y"},{"key":"ref-1500890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120264"},{"key":"ref-1500891","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032643"},{"key":"ref-1500892","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46331-7"},{"key":"ref-1500893","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.15464"},{"key":"ref-1500894","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15583720701455020"},{"key":"ref-1500895","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mp200016d"},{"key":"ref-1500896","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.81210"},{"key":"ref-1500897","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26361"},{"key":"ref-1500898","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01557-7"},{"key":"ref-1500899","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-019-0141-7"},{"key":"ref-1500900","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14072"},{"key":"ref-1500901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2023.2274479"},{"key":"ref-1500902","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145366"},{"key":"ref-1500903","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.11.073"},{"key":"ref-1500904","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2017.41"}],"container-title":["BioTechnologia"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biotechnologia-journal.org\/pdf-207680-128118","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biotechnologia-journal.org\/pdf-207680-128118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T10:51:29Z","timestamp":1756896689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biotechnologia-journal.org\/Delivery-and-adjuvant-liposomes-for-SARS-CoV-2-vaccines,207680,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":157,"alternative-id":["207680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/bta\/207680","relation":{},"ISSN":["0860-7796","2353-9461"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0860-7796","type":"print"},{"value":"2353-9461","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]}}}