{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:15:21Z","timestamp":1789708521851,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioTechnologia"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The oral cavity, being a nutritionally enriched environment, has been proven to be an ideal habitat for biofilm development. Various microenvironments, including dental enamel, supra- and subgingival surfaces, salivary fluid, and the dorsal surface of the tongue, harbor diverse microbes. These biofilms typically consist of four major layers. Depending on the food, age, clinical state, and lifestyle of the patient, the microbial growth dynamics in oral biofilm varies significantly. The presence of pathogenic bacteria that disrupt the normal floral composition of the oral cavity can lead to plaque biofilm formation, which is a precursor to various diseases. Noteworthy pathogenic bacteria, such as &lt;i&gt;Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum,&lt;\/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Streptococcus mutans&lt;\/i&gt;, often initiate biofilm formation. Undiagnosed and untreated oral biofilm can lead to severe diseases like periodontitis and eventual tooth loss. Therefore, studying the architecture and dynamics of oral biofilms is essential and can be achieved through image analysis and modern technologies, such as AI-enabled technologies and surface topography-adaptive robotic superstructures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5114\/bta.2024.145259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T07:17:19Z","timestamp":1734592639000},"page":"395-402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Biofilm architecture and dynamics of the oral ecosystem"],"prefix":"10.5114","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Rina Rani","family":"Ray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1360589","first-page":"127","article-title":"Oral biofilm and its impact on oral health, psychological and social interaction","volume":"7","author":"Abebe G.M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abebe G.M. (2021) Oral biofilm and its impact on oral health, psychological and social interaction. Int. J. Oral Dent. Health. 7: 127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23937\/2469-5734\/1510127","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Dent. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref-1360590","first-page":"181","article-title":"Oral microbial habitat a dynamic entity","volume":"2","author":"Ali S.M.F","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ali S.M.F., Tanwir F. (2012) Oral microbial habitat a dynamic entity. JOBCR 2(3): 181\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobcr.2012.07.001","journal-title":"JOBCR"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref-1360591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13774","article-title":"Automatic dental biofilm detection based on deep learning","volume":"50","author":"Andrade K.M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andrade K.M., Silva B.P.M., de Oliveira L.R., Cury P.R. (2023) Automatic dental biofilm detection based on deep learning. J. Clin. Periodontol. 50(5): 571\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpe.13774","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol"},{"key":"ref-1360592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.21","article-title":"FISHing in the oral microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Attar N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Attar N. (2016) FISHing in the oral microbiota. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 14: 133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.21","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref-1360593","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345221087149","article-title":"Micro-robotics for precision biofilm diagnostics and treatment","volume":"101","author":"Babeer A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Babeer A., Oh M. J., Ren Z., Liu Y., Marques F., Poly A., et al. (2022) Micro-robotics for precision biofilm diagnostics and treatment. J. Dent. Res. 101(9): 1009\u20131014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345221087149","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref-1360594","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.09.008","article-title":"Oral biofilms: pathogens, matrix, and polymicrobial interactions in microenvironments","volume":"26","author":"Bowen W.H","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bowen W.H., Burne R.A., Wu H., Koo H. (2018) Oral biofilms: pathogens, matrix, and polymicrobial interactions in microenvironments. Trends Microbiol. 26(3): 229\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2017.09.008","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref-1360595","first-page":"1755","volume-title":"Bacterial biofilms","author":"Carmello J.C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carmello J.C., de Annunzio S.R., Fontana C.R. (2020) Composition, structure, and formation of biofilms constituted by periodontopathogenic microorganisms. [in:] Bacterial biofilms. Ed. S Dincer, M Sumengen Ozdenefe, A Arkut. IntechOpen: 1755\u20131315. ISBN 978-1-78985-900-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref-1360596","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38684-7","article-title":"Natural enamel caries, dentine reactions, dentinal fluid and biofilm","volume":"9","author":"de Barros Pinto L","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Barros Pinto L., Lira M.L.L.A., Cavalcanti Y.W., Dantas E.L.D.A., Vieira M.L.O., de Carvalho G.G., de Sousa F.B. (2019) Natural enamel caries, dentine reactions, dentinal fluid and biofilm. Sci. Rep. 9(1): 2841. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30808878\/","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref-1360597","first-page":"122","article-title":"Oral microbiome: unveiling the fundamentals","volume":"23","author":"Deo P.N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deo P.N., Deshmukh R. (2019) Oral microbiome: unveiling the fundamentals. JOMFP 23(1): 122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_304_18","journal-title":"JOMFP"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref-1360598","first-page":"75","article-title":"A simple AI-enabled method for quantifying bacterial adhesion on dental materials","volume":"9","author":"Ding H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ding H., Yang Y., Li X., Cheung G.S.P., Matinlinna J.P., Burrow M., Tsoi J.K.H. (2022) A simple AI-enabled method for quantifying bacterial adhesion on dental materials. Biomater. Investig. Dent. 9(1): 75\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/26415275.2022.2114479","journal-title":"Biomater. Investig. Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref-1360599","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.487","article-title":"Biofilms: What does subgingival plaque look like?","volume":"221","author":"Doherty R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Doherty R. (2016) Biofilms: What does subgingival plaque look like? Br. Dent. J. 221(1): 16\u201316. https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/sj.bdj.2016.487","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J"},{"key":"ref-1360600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100171","article-title":"Alteration of oral microbial biofilms by sweeteners","volume":"7","author":"Jeong G.J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jeong G.J., Khan F., Tabassum N., Kim Y.M. (2023) Alteration of oral microbial biofilms by sweeteners. Biofilm. 7: 100171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100171","journal-title":"Biofilm"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref-1360601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520909313","article-title":"Spatial design of polymicrobial oral biofilm in its native disease state","volume":"99","author":"Kim D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim D., Koo H. (2020) Spatial design of polymicrobial oral biofilm in its native disease state. J. Dent. Res. 99(6): 597\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034520909313","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref-1360602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2009.00311.x","article-title":"Subgingival biofilm formation","volume":"52","author":"Kuboniwa M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuboniwa M., Lamont R.J. (2010) Subgingival biofilm formation. Periodontol. 52(1): 38\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2009.00311.x","journal-title":"Periodontol"},{"key":"ref-1360603","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10029-1189","article-title":"Aggressive periodontitis etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment: a recent review","volume":"8","author":"Missoum A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Missoum A. (2019) Aggressive periodontitis etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment: a recent review. Int. J. Exp. Dent. Sci. 8: 11\u201322. https:\/\/www.ijeds.com\/doi\/IJEDS\/pdf\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10029-1189","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Dent. Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref-1360604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01323-x","article-title":"Corncob structures in dental plaque reveal microhabitat taxon specificity","volume":"10","author":"Morillo-Lopez V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morillo-Lopez V., Sjaarda A., Islam I., Borisy G.G., Mark Welch J.L. (2022) Corncob structures in dental plaque reveal microhabitat taxon specificity. Microbiome. 10(1): 145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-022-01323-x","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref-1360605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0591-6","article-title":"Predicting oral malodour based on the microbiota in saliva samples using a deep learning approach","volume":"18","author":"Nakano Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nakano Y., Suzuki N., Kuwata F. (2018) Predicting oral malodour based on the microbiota in saliva samples using a deep learning approach. BMC Oral Health. 18(1): 1\u20137. https:\/\/d-nb.info\/1168314739\/34","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref-1360606","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11998","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c01950","article-title":"Surface topography-adaptive robotic superstructures for biofilm removal and pathogen detection on human teeth","volume":"16","author":"Oh M.J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oh M.J., Babeer A., Liu Y., Ren Z., Wu J., Issadore D.A., et al. (2022) Surface topography-adaptive robotic superstructures for biofilm removal and pathogen detection on human teeth. ACS Nano. 16(8): 11998\u201312012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.2c01950","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref-1360607","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078031","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2022.2078031","article-title":"The role of oral microbiome in periodontitis under diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Qin H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qin H., Li G., Xu X., Zhang C., Zhong W., Xu S., et al. (2022) The role of oral microbiome in periodontitis under diabetes mellitus. J. Oral. Microbiol. 14(1): 2078031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20002297.2022.2078031","journal-title":"J. Oral. Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref-1360608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-022-04127-9","article-title":"Periodontitis: an oral disease with severe consequences","volume":"195","author":"Ray R.R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ray R.R. (2023) Periodontitis: an oral disease with severe consequences. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 195(1): 17\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12010-022-04127-9","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref-1360609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2022.102381","article-title":"Dental biofilm: Risks, diagnostics and management","volume":"43","author":"Ray R.R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ray R.R. (2022) Dental biofilm: Risks, diagnostics and management. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 43: 102381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcab.2022.102381","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref-1360610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2023.103017","article-title":"Technological advancements for the management of oral biofilm","volume":"56","author":"Ray R.R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ray R.R., Pattnaik S. (2024) Technological advancements for the management of oral biofilm. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 56: 103017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcab.2023.103017","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref-1360611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23010001","DOI":"10.69598\/sehs.17.23010001","article-title":"Oral biofilm: systemic and psychiatric implications","volume":"17","author":"Ray R.R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ray R.R., Pattnaik S. (2023) Oral biofilm: systemic and psychiatric implications. SEHS 17: 23010001.","journal-title":"SEHS"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref-1360612","first-page":"199","article-title":"Normal oral flora and the oral ecosystem","volume":"61","author":"Samaranayake L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Samaranayake L., Matsubara V.H. (2017) Normal oral flora and the oral ecosystem. Dent. Clin. 61(2): 199\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cden.2016.11.002","journal-title":"Dent. Clin"},{"key":"ref-1360613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000510196","article-title":"The Impact of the pH Value on Biofilm Formation","volume":"29","author":"Schultze L.B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schultze L.B., Maldonado A., Lussi A., Sculean A., Eick S. (2021) The Impact of the pH Value on Biofilm Formation. Monogr. Oral Sci. 29: 19\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000510196","journal-title":"Monogr. Oral Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref-1360614","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12393","article-title":"The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease","volume":"87","author":"Sedghi L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sedghi L., DiMassa V., Harrington A., Lynch S.V., Kapila Y.L. (2021) The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease. Periodontology 2000. 87(1): 107\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/prd.12393","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref-1360615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00131","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00131-22","article-title":"Polymicrobial aggregates in human saliva build the oral biofilm","volume":"13","author":"Simon-Soro A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Simon-Soro A., Ren Z., Krom B.P., Hoogenkamp M.A., Cabello-Yeves P.J., Daniel S.G., et al. (2022) Polymicrobial aggregates in human saliva build the oral biofilm. MBio. 13(1): e00131\u201322. https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mbio.00131-22","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref-1360616","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22164","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22164","article-title":"Bacterial diversity in saliva and oral health-related conditions: the Hisayama Study","volume":"6","author":"Takeshita T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Takeshita T., Kageyama S., Furuta M., Tsuboi H., Takeuchi K., Shibata Y., et al. (2016) Bacterial diversity in saliva and oral health-related conditions: the Hisayama Study. Sci. Rep. 6(1): 22164. https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep22164","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref-1360617","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260280304","article-title":"A multispecies biofilm model","volume":"28","author":"Wanner O","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wanner O., Gujer W. (1986) A multispecies biofilm model. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 28(3): 314\u2013328. https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/bit.260280304","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng"},{"key":"ref-1360618","first-page":"32","article-title":"The effect of smoking on cariesrelated microorganisms","volume":"17","author":"Wu J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu J., Li M., Huang R. (2019) The effect of smoking on cariesrelated microorganisms. Tob. Induc. Dis. 17: 32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18332\/tid\/105913","journal-title":"Tob. Induc. Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref-1360619","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2017.8","article-title":"Biofilm three-dimensional architecture influences in situ pH distribution pattern on the human enamel surface","volume":"9","author":"Xiao J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xiao J., Hara A.T., Kim D., Zero D.T., Koo H., Hwang G. (2017) Biofilm three-dimensional architecture influences in situ pH distribution pattern on the human enamel surface. Int. J. Oral Sci. 9(2): 74\u201379. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28452377\/","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref-1360620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002623","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002623","article-title":"The exopolysaccharide matrix modulates the interaction between 3D architecture and virulence of a mixed-species oral biofilm","volume":"8","author":"Xiao J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xiao J., Klein M.I., Falsetta M.L., Lu B., Delahunty C.M., Yates J.R., et al. (2012) The exopolysaccharide matrix modulates the interaction between 3D architecture and virulence of a mixed-species oral biofilm. PLoS Pathogens. 8(4): e1002623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002623","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref-1360621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2000.027009648.x","article-title":"Comparison of the microbiota of supra and subgingival plaque in health and periodontitis","volume":"27","author":"Xim\u00e9nez Fyvie L.A","year":"2000","unstructured":"Xim\u00e9nez Fyvie L.A., Haffajee A.D., Socransky S.S. (2000) Comparison of the microbiota of supra and subgingival plaque in health and periodontitis. J. Clin. Periodontol. 27(9): 648\u2013657. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10983598","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref-1360622","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1674-8301(12)60001-3","article-title":"Implications of oral biofilms in medically at risk persons","volume":"26","author":"Yip K.H.K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yip K.H.K., Smales R.J. (2012). Implications of oral biofilms in medically at risk persons. J. Biomed. Res. 26(1): 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1674-8301(12)60001-3","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Res"},{"key":"ref-1360623","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep learningbased dental plaque detection on primary teeth: a comparison with clinical assessments","volume":"20","author":"You W","year":"2020","unstructured":"You W., Hao A., Li S., Wang Y., Xia B. (2020) Deep learningbased dental plaque detection on primary teeth: a comparison with clinical assessments. BMC Oral Health. 20: 1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref-1360624","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9321","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009321","article-title":"Oral biofilm architecture on natural teeth","volume":"5","author":"Zijnge V","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zijnge V., Van Leeuwen M.B.M., Degener J.E., Abbas F., Thurnheer T., Gm\u00fcr R., et al. (2010) Oral biofilm architecture on natural teeth. PloS one, 5(2): e9321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0009321","journal-title":"PloS one"}],"container-title":["BioTechnologia"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.termedia.pl\/doi_ft\/10.5114\/bta.2024.145259","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T06:56:06Z","timestamp":1741330566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biotechnologia-journal.org\/Biofilm-architecture-and-dynamics-of-the-oral-ecosystem,193190,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"alternative-id":["193190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/bta.2024.145259","relation":{},"ISSN":["0860-7796","2353-9461"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0860-7796","type":"print"},{"value":"2353-9461","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]}}}