{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:04:42Z","timestamp":1788815082035,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579478400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579478400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cent Eur J Immunol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Respiratory pathogens are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis and exacerbations of asthma at all ages; however, little is known about the airway microbiome in the elderly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim of the study<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify respiratory pathogens in the induced sputum (IS) of elderly asthmatics, and to determine the association between pathogens and the markers of asthma activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-nine subjects with stable asthma, 15 above 65 years of age and \n14 aged 30-49 years, underwent clinical evaluation, fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurement, and sputum induction. Pathogens were detected by multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The periostin concentration of IS supernatants was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum eosinophil cationic protein and total IgE levels were measured by Immun&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;\/sup&gt;CAP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elderly patients, as compared to non-elderly, had significantly higher eosinophilia in IS, although other markers of eosinophilic inflammation were comparable. Half of the subjects were positive for Haemophilus influenzae. Chlamydophila pneumoniae was found in two subjects. Respiratory viruses were detected in more than 70% of patients. The detection rates and profiles of atypical bacteria and respiratory viruses were similar in both groups. Only in the elderly asthmatics was influenza A\u00a0positivity associated with lower predicted FVC%, RSV A\u00a0positivity connected with decreased tIgE concentration, and RSV B positivity related to a\u00a0lower percentage of lymphocytes in IS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2019.92790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1582688653000},"page":"384-389","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The profile of respiratory pathogens in induced sputum of elderly and non-elderly asthmatics"],"prefix":"10.5114","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Wardzy\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Pawe\u0142czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"G\u0142obi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna S.","family":"Makowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek L.","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1547288","first-page":"711","article-title":"Inflammation & autoimmunity in human ageing: dendritic cells take a center stage","volume":"138","author":"Gupta S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gupta S, Agrawal A (2013): Inflammation & autoimmunity in human ageing: dendritic cells take a center stage. Indian J Med Res 138: 711-716.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref-1547289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27912","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027912","article-title":"Respiratory infections precede adult-onset asthma","volume":"6","author":"Rantala A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rantala A, Jaakkola JJ, Jaakkola MS (2011): Respiratory infections precede adult-onset asthma. PLoS One 6: e27912.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref-1547290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2013.34.3687","article-title":"Asthma in the geriatric population","volume":"34","author":"Madeo J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Madeo J, Li Z, Frieri M (2013): Asthma in the geriatric population. Allergy Asthma Proc 34: 427-433.","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"ref-1547291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1265897","article-title":"The role of immunity and inflammation in lung senescence and susceptibility to infection in the elderly","volume":"31","author":"Meyer KC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meyer KC (2010): The role of immunity and inflammation in lung senescence and susceptibility to infection in the elderly. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 31: 561-574.","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref-1547292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.13.24","article-title":"The role of the bacterial microbiome in lung disease","volume":"7","author":"Dickson RP","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Huffnagle GB (2013): The role of the bacterial microbiome in lung disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 7: 245-257.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"ref-1547293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.06.024","article-title":"Rhinovirus illnesses during infancy predict subsequent childhood wheezing","volume":"116","author":"Lemanske RF Jr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lemanske RF Jr, Jackson DJ, Gangnon RE, et al. (2005): Rhinovirus illnesses during infancy predict subsequent childhood wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116: 571-577.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref-1547294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00019508","article-title":"Occurrence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae in paediatric respiratory infections","volume":"33","author":"Webley WC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Webley WC, Tilahun Y, Lay K, et al. (2009): Occurrence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae in paediatric respiratory infections. Eur Respir J 33: 360-367.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref-1547295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-013-0390-8","article-title":"Is asthma an infectious disease? New evidence","volume":"13","author":"Atkinson TP","year":"2013","unstructured":"Atkinson TP (2013): Is asthma an infectious disease? New evidence. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 13: 702-709.","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"ref-1547296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.056291","article-title":"Pathogenic bacteria and viruses in induced sputum or pharyngeal secretions of adults with stable asthma","volume":"61","author":"Harju TH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harju TH, Leinonen M, Nokso-Koivisto J, et al. (2006): Pathogenic bacteria and viruses in induced sputum or pharyngeal secretions of adults with stable asthma. Thorax 61: 579-584.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref-1547297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.11.013","article-title":"Asthma-associated differences in microbial composition of induced sputum","volume":"131","author":"Marri PR","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marri PR, Stern DA, Wright AL, et al. (2013): Asthma-associated differences in microbial composition of induced sputum. J Allergy Clin Immunol 131: 346-352.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref-1547298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8578","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008578","article-title":"Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways","volume":"5","author":"Hilty M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hilty M, Burke C, Pedro H, et al. (2010): Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways. PLoS One 5: e8578.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref-1547299","article-title":"Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention 2011 (update)","author":"Global Initiative for Asthma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma (2011): Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention 2011 (update). Available from: http:\/\/www.ginasthma.org\/."},{"key":"ref-1547300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.09.008","article-title":"Development of the asthma control test: a survey for assessing asthma control","volume":"113","author":"Nathan RA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nathan RA, Sorkness CA, Kosinski M, et al. (2004): Development of the asthma control test: a survey for assessing asthma control. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113: 59-65.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref-1547301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.6.ats9-00","article-title":"Proceedings of the ATS workshop on refractory asthma: current understanding, recommendations, and unanswered questions","volume":"162","author":"American Thoracic Society","year":"2000","unstructured":"American Thoracic Society (2000): Proceedings of the ATS workshop on refractory asthma: current understanding, recommendations, and unanswered questions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162: 2341-2351.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref-1547302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","article-title":"Standardisation of spirometry","volume":"26","author":"Miller MR","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, et al. (2005): Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J 26: 319-338.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref-1547303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2601014","article-title":"ATS Workshop Proceedings: Exhaled nitric oxide and nitric oxide oxidative metabolism in exhaled breath condensate: Executive summary","volume":"173","author":"American Thoracic Society Workshop","year":"2006","unstructured":"American Thoracic Society Workshop (2006): ATS Workshop Proceedings: Exhaled nitric oxide and nitric oxide oxidative metabolism in exhaled breath condensate: Executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173: 811-813.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref-1547304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.47.1.25","article-title":"Use of induced sputum cell counts to investigate airway inflammation in asthma","volume":"47","author":"Pin I","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pin I, Gibson PG, Kolendowicz R, et al. (1992): Use of induced sputum cell counts to investigate airway inflammation in asthma. Thorax 47: 25-29.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref-1547305","first-page":"378","article-title":"Wskaz\u00f3wki metodologiczne Polskiego Towarzystwa Chor\u00f3b P\u0141uc odno\u015bnie do wykonywania i oceny plwociny indukowanej","volume":"76","author":"Chmielowicz B","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chmielowicz B, Obojski A, Barczyk A, et al. (2008): Wskaz\u00f3wki metodologiczne Polskiego Towarzystwa Chor\u00f3b P\u0141uc odno\u015bnie do wykonywania i oceny plwociny indukowanej. Pneumonol Alergol Pol 76: 378-395.","journal-title":"Pneumonol Alergol Pol"},{"key":"ref-1547306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e32834dccc0","article-title":"Microbes and asthma: the missing cellular and molecular links","volume":"18","author":"Brar T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brar T, Nagaraj S, Mohapatra S (2012): Microbes and asthma: the missing cellular and molecular links. Curr Opin Pulm Med 18: 14-22.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref-1547307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2011.04.006","article-title":"Expiratory flows and airway inflammation in elderly asthmatic patients","volume":"105","author":"Ducharme ME","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ducharme ME, Prince P, Hassan N, et al. (2011): Expiratory flows and airway inflammation in elderly asthmatic patients. Respir Med 105: 1284-1289.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref-1547308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.09.007","article-title":"Similarity and differences in elderly patients with fixed airflow obstruction by asthma and by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"102","author":"Di Lorenzo G","year":"2008","unstructured":"Di Lorenzo G, Mansueto P, Ditta V, et al. (2008): Similarity and differences in elderly patients with fixed airflow obstruction by asthma and by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 102: 232-238.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref-1547309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.supplement_2.2106063","article-title":"Role of latent viral infections in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma","volume":"164","author":"Hogg JC","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hogg JC (2001): Role of latent viral infections in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164: 71-75.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref-1547310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02600.x","article-title":"Repeated virus identification in the airways of patients with mild and severe asthma during prospective follow-up","volume":"66","author":"Turchiarelli V","year":"2011","unstructured":"Turchiarelli V, Schinkel J, Molenkamp R, et al. (2011): Repeated virus identification in the airways of patients with mild and severe asthma during prospective follow-up. Allergy 66: 1099-1106.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref-1547311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01627.x","article-title":"Respiratory viral infection in lower airways of asymptomatic children","volume":"99","author":"Thavagnanam S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thavagnanam S, Christie SN, Doherty GM, et al. (2010): Respiratory viral infection in lower airways of asymptomatic children. Acta Paediatr 99: 394-398.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"ref-1547312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200607-973OC","article-title":"The presence of rhinovirus in lower airways of patients with bronchial asthma","volume":"177","author":"Wo\u015b M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wo\u015b M, Sanak M, Soja J, et al. (2008): The presence of rhinovirus in lower airways of patients with bronchial asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177: 1082-1089.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref-1547313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05841-11","article-title":"Yield of sputum for viral detection by reverse transcriptase PCR in adults hospitalized with respiratory illness","volume":"50","author":"Falsey AR","year":"2012","unstructured":"Falsey AR, Formica MA, Walsh EE (2012): Yield of sputum for viral detection by reverse transcriptase PCR in adults hospitalized with respiratory illness. J Clin Microbiol 50: 21-24.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Central European Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ceji.termedia.pl\/pdf-90797-129816","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ceji.termedia.pl\/pdf-90797-129816","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T08:35:43Z","timestamp":1767947743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ceji.termedia.pl\/The-profile-of-respiratory-pathogens-in-induced-sputum-of-elderly-and-non-elderly,90797,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"alternative-id":["90797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/ceji.2019.92790","relation":{},"ISSN":["1426-3912","1644-4124"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1426-3912","type":"print"},{"value":"1644-4124","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]]}}}