{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:15:57Z","timestamp":1781068557102,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611964800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cent Eur J Immunol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Natural killer cells (NK) initiate pancreatic islets cell lyses in autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Loss of T regulatory cells (Treg) at disease onset facilitates activation and accumulation of NKs in the pancreatic microenvironment. A\u00a0proper low dose interleukin 2 (IL-2) could enhance Tregs and enforce control and regulation of pro-inflammatory NKs. This relation needs to be studied to improve therapeutic strategies aimed at resetting the balance between Tregs and proinflammatory cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used novel formulations of low dose IL-2 loaded on chitosan nanoparticles. The study included 116 T1D BALB\/c mice experimentally induced by streptozotocin, divided into groups. Their splenocytes were maintained in a\u00a0short-term culture for assessment of expression of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg and NKp46+NK by both flow cytometry and enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA). In vitro suppressor-assay was used in order to assess the suppressor effect of Treg cells after exogenous IL-2 treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NK cell expression, NKp46 level and NK cell functions were modulated in mice injected with IL-2 loaded chitosan nanoparticles than other groups. A\u00a0statistical inverse correlation was found between Treg and NK cell expression in IL-2 loaded chitosan with (0.3 \u00b5IU) (p = 0.047) and this correlation was related to Foxp3 expression on Treg cells. The modified expression of NK and NKp46 was noticed in mice injected with (0.3 \u00b5IU) for longer duration (three weeks) (p &lt; 0.001) but the NK functions did not show any significant changes with prolonged treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low dose (0.3) \u00b5IU IL-2 nanoparticles effectively modulated NK and NKp46 expression. It selectively modulates the suppressive activity of Tregs indicating a\u00a0significant role of Tregs in NK activation and function by controlling the availability of IL-2 in the microenvironment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2020.103412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T16:32:16Z","timestamp":1615912336000},"page":"382-392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of low dose IL-2 loaded chitosan nanoparticles on natural killer and regulatory T cell expression in experimentally induced autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.5114","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Salma","family":"Aboelnazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossam","family":"Ghoneim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanaa","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Bahgat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Moaaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1544043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i4.598","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus: from a metabolic disorder to an inflammatory condition","volume":"6","author":"Hameed I, SR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hameed I, SR, Mir SA, et al. 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