{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:25:17Z","timestamp":1783527917955,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cent Eur J Immunol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma is a degenerative process of the optic nerve. Increased intraocular pressure is believed to be the main factor leading to the glaucomatous damage. The &lt;i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/i&gt; animal glaucoma research models provide insight into the molecular changes in the retina in response to the injury factor. The damage is a complex process incorporating molecular and immunological changes. Such changes involve NF\u03baB activity and complement activation. The processes affect the human antigen, JNK, MAPK, p53, MT2 and DBA\/2J molecular pathways, activate the autophagy processes and compromise neuroprotective mechanisms. Activation and inhibition of immunological responses contribute to cell injury. The immunological mechanisms of glaucomatous degeneration include glial response, the complement, tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) pathways and toll-like receptors athways. Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity are factors contributing to cell death in glaucoma. The authors present an up-to-date review of the mechanisms involved and update on research focusing on a possible innovative glaucoma treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2021.104328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T16:30:46Z","timestamp":1615912246000},"page":"111-117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Immunological and molecular basics of the primary open angle glaucoma pathomechanism"],"prefix":"10.5114","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Samelska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Zaleska-\u017bmijewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Ba\u0142an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Gr\u0105bczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek Pawe\u0142","family":"Szaflik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander Jan","family":"Kubiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Skopi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1543348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.06.003","article-title":"What animal models can tell us about glaucoma","volume":"134","author":"Struebing FL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Struebing FL, Geisert EE (2015): What animal models can tell us about glaucoma. 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