{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T09:52:42Z","timestamp":1767952362400,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cent Eur J Immunol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The progression of fungal co-infection with COVID-19 depends on the patient\u2019s genetic innate immunity. Our goal is to understand the connection between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs5743708 and rs16910526 in the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and dectin-1 (CLEC7A) genes, respectively, and fungal infection in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study assessed the SNPs rs5743708 from the TLR2 gene and rs16910526 from dectin-1 by Sanger sequencing. Two groups of COVID-19 patients participated in this study: 110 COVID-19 patients free from fungal infection (COVID-19 FFI), and 77 COVID-19 patients with fungal infection (COVID-19 WFI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The AG genotype of the TLR2 SNP rs5743708 showed no significant association with fungal infection in COVID-19 compared to the AA genotype. However, the GG genotype and G allele were significantly associated with decreased vulnerability to fungal co-infections. Similarly, regarding the dectin-1 SNP rs16910526, the TG genotype did not show a significant association with fungal infection compared to the TT genotype, but the GG genotype and G allele were significantly related to decreased susceptibility to fungal co-infections in COVID-19. The TLR2 protein levels in the serum of COVID-19 patients with GG genotypes of TLR2 rs5743708 were elevated. Variations in the dectin-1 genotypes (specifically GG genotype) can also raise the levels of dectin-1 serum protein.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between TLR2 rs5743708 and dectin-1 rs16910526 SNPs and susceptibility to fungal infection in COVID-19 patients was found to be significant, highlighting the im- portance of investigating their connection to infection progression for personalized patient care. The variation in genotypes also affects the levels of corresponding serum TLR2 and dectin-1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2025.149165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T03:02:58Z","timestamp":1746500578000},"page":"77-86","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Role of TLR2 rs5743708 and dectin-1 rs16910526 polymorphisms in susceptibility to fungal infections in COVID-19 patients"],"prefix":"10.5114","author":[{"given":"Karzan Abdulmuhsin","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hero M.","family":"Ismael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shukur Wasman","family":"Smail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taban Kamal","family":"Rasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed O.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niaz","family":"Albarzinji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebaz Hamza","family":"Salih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalthum Othman","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khawlah Salah","family":"Khaleel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kawa","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christer","family":"Janson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1533921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000001043","article-title":"Structure-based approaches against COVID-19","volume":"87","author":"Huang TC","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang TC, Liang KH, Chang TJ, et al. 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