{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T09:54:40Z","timestamp":1767952480324,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cent Eur J Immunol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa  mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE). Astaxanthin (AST) has been demonstrated to attenuate airway inflammation in an asthmatic mouse model. Nonetheless, the precise effect of AST on AR symptoms and the associated mechanism remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A mouse AR model was established by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge, and AST was administered to AR mice. Human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs) were stimulated with recombinant human IL-13 to mimic the AR microenvironment in vitro. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed for mouse nasal mucosa histologic analysis. The CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate AST cytotoxicity to HNEpCs. ELISA was employed to determine levels of histamine, OVA-specific IgE, and inflammatory mediators. Oxidative stress-related markers were estimated using corresponding assay kits. Western blotting was implemented to estimate oxidative stress- and HMGB1\/TLR4 signaling-related protein levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AST administration alleviated nasal symptoms, including sneezing and nasal rubbing, in OVA-triggered AR mice. AST mitigated nasal mucosa pathological damage, reduced histamine, OVA-specific IgE, and inflammatory mediators in the serum, and alleviated oxidative stress in the nasal mucosa of AR mice. AST blocked HMGB1\/TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling transduction in both the nasal mucosa of AR mice and IL-13-treated HNEpCs. AST or TAK-242 (a TLR4 inhibitor) ameliorated inflammatory response and oxidative stress in IL-13-stimulated HNEpCs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AST treatment ameliorates AR by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress via the HMGB1\/TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2025.154608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T09:27:02Z","timestamp":1764322022000},"page":"276-289","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Astaxanthin ameliorates allergic rhinitis via suppression of\u00a0the\u00a0HMGB1\/TLR4 signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.5114","author":[{"given":"Xixi","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kebin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1604352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bousquet J, Anto JM, Bachert C, et al. 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