{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T04:08:20Z","timestamp":1748664500349,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Human Kinetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this research was to examine the impact of conventional breathing versus apnoea technique on acid-base equilibrium, physiological reactions, and performance throughout high-intensity interval training sessions in swimming. Two groups of sixteen athletes completed 6 x 50-m intervals of freestyle swimming with normal breathing and apnoea at maximum intensity, with a 1-min rest interval. Capillary blood gasses (pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3, Hct, Hb) were collected at four measurement time points: 1) at rest, 2) at rest just after the 3rd repetition, 3) at finish, and 4) at the 10th min of recovery. Measured variables included the heart rate (HR) during swimming, lactate (La) concentration and swimming time (t50). Uncompensated metabolic acidosis, exhibiting greater prominence during apnoea, was attributed to heightened lactic acidosis under both breathing conditions. Despite experiencing bradycardia, swimmers demonstrated faster completion times during apnoea. In conclusion, during repeated high-intensity short-distance swimming, specifically 50 m of freestyle, apnoea enhances sprint performance without compensating for metabolic acidosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5114\/jhk\/195587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T13:47:32Z","timestamp":1748612852000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Apnoea versus Normal Breathing on Physiological Responses during High-Intensity Interval Training in Swimming"],"prefix":"10.5114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5602-8131","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pinelopoi","family":"Liapaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Soultanakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kalomenidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicente Javier","family":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stamatis","family":"Mourtakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Spyros","family":"Zakynthinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1440100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersson, J., Liney, M., Fredsted, H., & Schagatay, E. (2004). Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to apnea with and without face immersion in exercising humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 96, 1005\u20131010.","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01057.2002"},{"key":"ref-1440101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arce-\u00c1lvarez, A., Veliz, C., Vazquez-Mu\u00f1oz, M., von Igel, M., Alvares, C., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Izquierdo, M., Millet, J. P., Del Rio, R., & Andrade, D. C. (2021). Hypoxic Respiratory Chemoreflex Control in Young Trained Swimmers. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 632\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10. 3389\/fphys.2021.632603.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.632603"},{"key":"ref-1440102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.894921"},{"key":"ref-1440103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00221.2003"},{"key":"ref-1440104","unstructured":"Bakovic, D., Pivac, N., Zubin Maslov, P., Breskovic, T., Damonja, G., & Dujic, Z. (2013). Spleen Volume Changes during Adrenergic Stimulation with Low Doses of Epinephrine. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 64, 649\u2013655."},{"key":"ref-1440105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjurstr\u00f6m, R. L., & Schoene, R. B. (1987). Control of Ventilation in Elite Synchronized Swimmers. Journal of Applied Physiology, 63, 1019\u20131024.","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.3.1019"},{"key":"ref-1440106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2009.11.001"},{"key":"ref-1440107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breskovic, T., Uglesic, L., Zubin, P., Kuch, B., Kraljevic, J., Zanchi, J., Ljubkovic, M., Sieber, A., & Dujic, Z. (2011). Cardiovascular changes during underwater static and dynamic breath-hold dives in trained divers. Journal of Applied Physiology, 111, 673\u2013678.","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00209.2011"},{"key":"ref-1440108","unstructured":"Brown, M., Wilson, P., & Johnson, A. (2021). Acid-base balance and metabolic responses during breath-holding in elite freedivers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(4), 1001\u20131009."},{"key":"ref-1440109","unstructured":"Cohen, J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale 1988, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"ref-1440110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Counsilman, J. (1955). Forces in swimming two types of crawl stroke. Research Quarterly. American Association\u00a0for\u00a0Health,\u00a0Physical Education\u00a0and\u00a0Recreation, 26(2), 127\u2013139.","DOI":"10.1080\/10671188.1955.10612813"},{"key":"ref-1440111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol"},{"key":"ref-1440112","unstructured":"Geladas, N. (2008). FreeDiving: The Physiology of Apnea. P.X. Paschalides Publishers, Athens."},{"key":"ref-1440113","unstructured":"Guimard, A., Prieur, F., Zorgati, H., Morin, D., Lasne, F., & Collomp, K. (2017b). Acute apnea swimming: metabolic responses and performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(3), 726\u2013734."},{"key":"ref-1440114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermansen, L., & Stensvold, I. (1972). Production and removal of lactate during exercise in man. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 86, 191\u2013201.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1972.tb05325.x"},{"key":"ref-1440115","unstructured":"Jackson, E., Miller, S., & Davis, J. (2019). Physiological responses to apnoeic training in competitive swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(6), 1569\u20131575."},{"key":"ref-1440116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, R., Smith, D., & Brown, K. (2020). Metabolic responses to apnoea in freedivers: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 50(3), 531\u2013542.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01209-3"},{"key":"ref-1440117","unstructured":"Kapila, V., Wehrle, C. J., & Tuma, F. (2021). \u201cPhysiology Spleen\u201d in StatPearls (Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan). Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK537307\/; accessed on 01 May 2023."},{"key":"ref-1440118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2324-9080.1000164"},{"key":"ref-1440119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konstantinidou, S., & Soultanakis, H. (2016). Cardiorespiratory responses and reduced apneic time to cold-water face immersion after high intensity exercise. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 220, 33\u201339.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2015.07.014"},{"key":"ref-1440120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemaitre, F., Joulia, F., & Chollet, D. (2010). Apnea: A new training method in sport? Medical Hypotheses, 74(3), 413\u2013415. http:\/\/dx.doi.org.\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.09.051.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.09.051"},{"key":"ref-1440121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.24.15993-2"},{"key":"ref-1440122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linderman, J., Fashey, T., Lauten, G., Brooker, A., Bird, D., & Dolinar, B. (1990). A comparison of blood gasses and acid \u2013 base measurements in arterial, arterialized venous and venous blood during short-term maximal exercise. European\u00a0Journal of\u00a0Applied\u00a0Physiology and\u00a0Occupational\u00a0Physiology, 61, 294\u2013301.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00357616"},{"key":"ref-1440123","unstructured":"Maiello, D., Sabatini, A., Demarie, S., Sardella, F., & Dal Monte, A. (1998). Passive drag on and under the water surface. Journal of\u00a0Sports\u00a0Sciences, 16(5), 420\u2013421."},{"key":"ref-1440124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/jhk\/172492"},{"key":"ref-1440125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naemi, R., Easson, W., & Sanders, R. (2010). Hydrodynamic glide efficiency in swimming. Journal\u00a0of\u00a0Science\u00a0and\u00a0Medicine\u00a0in\u00a0Sport\/ Sports Medicine Australia, 13(4), 444\u2013451. http:\/\/dx.doi.org.\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2009.04.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2009.04.009"},{"key":"ref-1440126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohkuwa, T., Fujitsuka, N., Utsuno, T., & Miyamura, M. (1980). Ventilatory Response to Hypercapnia in Sprint and Long-Distance Swimmers. European\u00a0Journal of\u00a0Applied\u00a0Physiology, 43, 235\u2013241. http:\/\/doi.org.\/10.1007\/bf00421837.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421837"},{"key":"ref-1440127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overgaard, K., Friis, S., Pedersen, R., & Lykkeboe, G. (2006). Influence of lung volume, glossopharyngeal inhalation and PET O2 and PET CO2 on apnea performance in trained breath-hold divers. European\u00a0Journal of\u00a0Applied\u00a0Physiology, 97, 158\u2013164.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0156-2"},{"key":"ref-1440128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.729123"},{"key":"ref-1440129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300050145"},{"key":"ref-1440130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2014.75.3.136"},{"key":"ref-1440131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049098"},{"key":"ref-1440132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schagatay, E., Andersson, J., & Nielsen, B. (2007). Hematological response and diving response during apnea and apnea with face immersion. European\u00a0Journal of\u00a0Applied\u00a0Physiology, 101(1), 125\u2013132. http:\/\/dx.doi.org.\/10.1007\/s00421-007-0483-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0483-y"},{"key":"ref-1440133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00173"},{"key":"ref-1440134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/jhk\/170882"},{"key":"ref-1440135","unstructured":"Smith, A., Johnson, B., & Williams, C. (2018). Acid-base balance during breath-holding in elite swimmers. Journal of Sports Science, 36(10), 1125\u20131130."},{"key":"ref-1440136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232060-00002"},{"key":"ref-1440137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanner, R., Fuller, K., & Ross, M. (2010). Evaluation of three portable blood lactate analysers: Lactate Pro, Lactate Scout and Lactate Plus. European\u00a0Journal of\u00a0Applied\u00a0Physiology, 109, 551\u2013559.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1379-9"},{"key":"ref-1440138","unstructured":"Wilson, L., Smith, T., & Jones, P. (2020). Training adaptations in elite freedivers: A comprehensive review. Sports Biomechanics, 19(3), 341\u2013357."},{"key":"ref-1440139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woorons, X., Mollard, P., Pichon, A., Duvallet, A., Richalet, J., & Lamberto, C. (2008). Effects of a 4-week training with voluntary hypoventilation carried out at low pulmonary volumes. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 160(2), 123\u2013130. http:\/\/dx.doi.org.\/10.1016\/j.resp.2007.09.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.09.010"},{"key":"ref-1440140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/jhk\/174465"}],"container-title":["Journal of Human Kinetics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jhk.termedia.pl\/pdf-195587-125488","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jhk.termedia.pl\/pdf-195587-125488","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T13:47:38Z","timestamp":1748612858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jhk.termedia.pl\/Effects-of-Apnoea-versus-Normal-Breathing-on-Physiological-Responses-during-High,195587,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["195587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/jhk\/195587","relation":{},"ISSN":["1640-5544","1899-7562"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1640-5544","type":"print"},{"value":"1899-7562","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]}}}