{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T11:46:57Z","timestamp":1782215217561,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pol J Pathol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is a\u00a0unique type of DNA polymerase predominantly expressed in precursor lymphoid cells and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It participates in the junctional diversity of T-cell receptors and immunoglobulins. Recently, aberrant TdT expression was found in seminomas. Here, we evaluated the expression of TdT in our cohort of germ cell tumors (GCTs) with two anti-TdT antibody clones.&lt;br \/&gt;\nWe included 173 cases of testicular GCTs, 5 ovarian dysgerminomas, and one gonadoblastoma in the study. Tissue microarrays containing representative tumor samples were constructed and subsequently stained with anti-TdT monoclonal rabbit antibody EP266 (Dako) and TdT rabbit polyclonal antibody (Cell Marque). &lt;br \/&gt;\nExpression was assessed with the H-score. No specific nuclear reaction was observed for the polyclonal anti-TdT antibody. The H-score values varied between the histological subtypes for the EP266 antibody. Positive nuclear staining was consistently seen in germ cell neoplasia &lt;i&gt;in situ&lt;\/i&gt;, seminoma, dysgerminoma, and embryonal carcinoma. Pure tumors had higher TdT H-scores than the mixed ones. Teratomas, yolk sac tumors, and choriocarcinomas were almost uniformly negative. &lt;br \/&gt;\nOur study confirms that aberrant expression of TdT by testicular and ovarian GCTs exemplifies a\u00a0potential diagnostic pitfall in histopathological diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5114\/pjp.2022.120098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T02:24:35Z","timestamp":1666751075000},"page":"159-165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostically misleading aberrant terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase expression in germ cell tumors"],"prefix":"10.5114","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"P\u0119ksa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Kunc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Bie\u0144kowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Pop\u0119da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Biernat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1693396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thai TH, Kearney JF. Distinct and opposite activities of human terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase splice variants. J Immunol 2004; 173: 4009-4019.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.4009"},{"key":"ref-1693397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peralta-Zaragoza O, Recillas-Targa F, Madrid-Marina V. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is down-regulated by AP-1-like regulatory elements in human lymphoid cells. Immunology 2004; 111: 195-203.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0019-2805.2003.01791.x"},{"key":"ref-1693398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu L, McGavran L, Lovell MA, et al. Nonpositive terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in pediatric precursor b-lymphoblastic leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 2004; 121: 810-815.","DOI":"10.1309\/QD18PPV1NH3TEUTF"},{"key":"ref-1693399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidiropoulos M, Hanna W, Raphael SJ, Ghorab Z. Expression of TdT in Merkel cell carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135: 831-838.","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPLCB2Q9QXDZAA"},{"key":"ref-1693400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brobeil F, Wagenlehner S. Gattenl\u00f6hner expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in classical seminoma: a\u00a0potential diagnostic pitfall. Virchows Arch 2018; 472: 433-440.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-018-2313-5"},{"key":"ref-1693401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henwood AF. Aberrant cytoplasmic terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) immunostaining on previously frozen, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue: cryotomy-induced antigen diffusion (CIAD). Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol AIMM 2021; 29: e17-e19.","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0000000000000863"},{"key":"ref-1693402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gayhart MG, Richard H, Wiles AB, Smith SC. Aberrant expression of TdT in seminomatous germ cell neoplasia. Virchows Arch 2018; 473: 385-386.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-018-2402-5"},{"key":"ref-1693403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou J, Wang S, Zhu L, et al. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase commonly expresses in germ cell tumors: evaluation on a\u00a0large series from multiple centers. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14: 119-129.","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S285757"},{"key":"ref-1693404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaconi M, Magni F, Raimondo F, et al. TdT expression in germ cell tumours: a\u00a0possible immunohistochemical cross-reaction and diagnostic pitfall. J Clin Pathol 2019; 72: 536-541.","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-205713"},{"key":"ref-1693405","unstructured":"Bateman MJ, Martin S, Orchard M, et al. Teodoro, UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase in 2021. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49: D480-D489."},{"key":"ref-1693406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyai K, Yonekura Y, Ito K, Matsukuma S, Tsuda H. Gene expression microarray analysis of adult testicular germ cell tumor: a\u00a0comparison between pure-type seminomas and seminoma components in mixed tumors. Virchows Arch 2021; 479: 1177-1186.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-021-03168-5"},{"key":"ref-1693407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoang MP, Donizy P, Wu CL, et al. TdT expression is a\u00a0marker of better survival in Merkel cell carcinoma, and expression of B-cell markers is associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus. Am J Clin Pathol 2020; 154: 38-47.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa017"},{"key":"ref-1693408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zur Hausen A, Rennspiess D, Winnepenninckx V, Speel EJ, Kurz AK. Early B-cell differentiation in Merkel cell carcinomas: clues to cellular ancestry. Cancer Res 2013; 73: 4982-4987.","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-0616"},{"key":"ref-1693409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sur M, AlArdati H, Ross C, Alowami S. TdT expression in Merkel cell carcinoma: potential diagnostic pitfall with blastic hematological malignancies and expanded immunohistochemical analysis. Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 1113-1120.","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800936"},{"key":"ref-1693410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathewson RC, Kjeldsberg CR, Perkins SL. Detection of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in nonhematopoietic small round cell tumors of children. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1997; 17: 835-844.","DOI":"10.3109\/15513819709168748"},{"key":"ref-1693411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzorakoleftheraki SE, Iliadis A, Kostopoulos I, Koletsa T. TdT expression in normal and neoplastic sebaceous cells. Histopathology 2017; 71: 985-988.","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13304"},{"key":"ref-1693412","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou J, Xu H, Zeng H, et al. Expression of TdT in myoepithelial cells: investigation in breasts, sweat glands, and salivary lesions emphasizing the never-documented immunohistochemical findings. Int J Surg Pathol 2020; 28: 711-720.","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896920916792"}],"container-title":["Polish Journal of Pathology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.polishjournalofpathology.com\/pdf-153503-136665","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.polishjournalofpathology.com\/pdf-153503-136665","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T10:52:20Z","timestamp":1782211940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.polishjournalofpathology.com\/Diagnostically-misleading-aberrant-terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-expression,153503,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"alternative-id":["153503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/pjp.2022.120098","relation":{},"ISSN":["1233-9687","2084-9869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1233-9687","type":"print"},{"value":"2084-9869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]}}}