{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T11:50:26Z","timestamp":1782215426949,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pol J Pathol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) guides immune checkpoint inhibitor use in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), yet its variation by age and histology remains uncertain. We retrospectively evaluated 1,606 consecutive NSCLC cases (2017\u20132022) with PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) on formalin-fixed, paraffin- embedded samples. Patients were grouped by age (&lt; 60, 60\u201379, \u2265 80 years) and tumor proportion score (TPS), categorized as &lt; 1%, 1\u201349%, or \u2265 50%. Associations were tested using the\u00a0\uf063\u00b2 test, and independent predictors were identified using multinomial logistic regression.&lt;br \/&gt;\nHigh PD-L1 expression (TPS \u2265 50%) occurred in 33.6% of\u00a0patients, intermediate (1\u201349%) in 23.6%, and negative (&lt; 1%) in 42.7%. Programmed death-ligand 1 expression \u2265 1% was most frequent in squamous cell carcinoma (63.0%), followed by adenocarcinoma (55.0%), and was least common in large cell carcinoma (36.0%; p = 0.002). Overall proportions of\u00a0PD-L1 \u2265 1% did not differ significantly by age. However, patients aged \u2265 80 had nearly twice the\u00a0likelihood of\u00a0high expression compared to those &lt; 60 (relative risk ratio, 1.92; 95% CI: 1.11\u20133.34; p = 0.02), independent of\u00a0the\u00a0histotype. &lt;br \/&gt;\nProgrammed death-ligand 1 expression in NSCLC shows distinct histotype-related patterns and a\u00a0modest, age-related trend toward higher values in the\u00a0oldest group. These data support routine PD-L1 assessment and suggest that advanced age alone should not preclude consideration of\u00a0immunotherapy. Findings may inform trial design and real-world treatment decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5114\/pjp.2025.157974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:40:27Z","timestamp":1767339627000},"page":"177-186","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of\u00a0age and histological type on programmed death-ligand 1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer \u2013 a\u00a0single-center analysis of\u00a01,606 cases"],"prefix":"10.5114","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Szumera-Cie\u0107kiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Wi\u015bniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Tomczyk-Szatkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Rosi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Pierzcha\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Owczarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Winiarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Wo\u0142oszyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Krzakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Knetki-Wr\u00f3blewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1687645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuminello S, Sikavi D, Veluswamy R, Gamarra C,\u00a0Lieberman- Cribbin W,\u00a0Flores R, et al. PD-L1 as a\u00a0prognostic biomarker in surgically resectable non-small cell lung cancer: a\u00a0meta-analysis. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2020; 9: 1343-1360.","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr-19-638"},{"key":"ref-1687646","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim DH, Kim H, Choi YJ, Kim SY, Lee JE, Sung KJ, et al. Exosomal PD-L1 promotes tumor growth through immune escape in non-small cell lung cancer. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51: 1-13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0295-2"},{"key":"ref-1687647","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gagn\u00e9 A, Wang E, Bastien N, Orain M,\u00a0Desmeules P,\u00a0Pag\u00e9 S, et al. Impact of\u00a0specimen characteristics on PD-L1 testing in non-small cell lung cancer: validation of\u00a0the\u00a0IASLC PD-L1 testing recommendations. J Thorac Oncol 2019; 14: 2062-2070.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.08.2503"},{"key":"ref-1687648","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietel M, Savelov N, Salanova R, Micke P,\u00a0Bigras G,\u00a0Hida T, et al. Real-world prevalence of\u00a0programmed death ligand 1  expression in locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: the\u00a0global, multicenter EXPRESS study. Lung Cancer 2019; 134: 174-179.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2019.06.012"},{"key":"ref-1687649","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salanova R, Dietel M, Savelov N, Burke T, Khambata-Ford S, Deitz A, et al. Real-world prevalence of\u00a0PD-L1 expression in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the\u00a0global multicenter EXPRESS study. J Thorac Oncol 2018; 13: S320-S321.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1556-0864(18)30404-0"},{"key":"ref-1687650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngo P, Cooper WA, Wade S, Fong KM,\u00a0Canfell K,\u00a0Karikios D, et al. Why PD-L1 expression varies between studies of\u00a0lung cancer: results from a\u00a0Bayesian meta-analysis. 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Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11: 1452.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11081452"},{"key":"ref-1687661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal C, Rodriguez Abreu D, Felip E, Carcereny E, Gottfried M, Wehler T, et al. Prevalence of PD-L1 expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer screened for enrollment in KEYNOTE-001, -010, and -024. Ann Oncol 2016; 27: vi363.","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw378.14"},{"key":"ref-1687662","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilaru S, Panda SS, Moharana L, Mohapatra D,\u00a0Mohapa- tra SSG,\u00a0Panda A, et al. PD-L1 expression and its significance in advanced NSCLC: real-world experience from a\u00a0tertiary care center. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2024; 36: 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43046-024-00207-5"},{"key":"ref-1687663","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marur S, Singh H, Mishra-Kalyani P, Larkins E,\u00a0Keegan P, Sridhara R, et al. 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Mod Pathol 2020; 33: 109-117.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-019-0339-0"},{"key":"ref-1687680","unstructured":"Roche Diagnostics. uPath PD-L1 (SP263) image analysis \u2013 NSCLC. 2023. Available at: https:\/\/diagnostics.roche.com\/us\/en\/products\/digital\/upath-pd-l1-sp263-image-analysis-nsclc-pid00000381.html (accessed: 09.08.2025)."},{"key":"ref-1687681","unstructured":"Indica Labs. Lung PD-L1 AI for NSCLC. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/indicalab.com\/clinical-products\/lung-pd-l1-ai\/ (accessed: 09.08.2025)."},{"key":"ref-1687682","unstructured":"PathAI. AIM PD-L1 NSCLC. 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.pathai.com\/aim-pd-l1\/ (accessed: 09.08.2025)."},{"key":"ref-1687683","unstructured":"Park SY, Koh J, Kim DW, Zhang A, Huang M, Zhao F, et al. Artificial intelligence-powered interpretation of\u00a0PD-L1 immunohistochemistry improves diagnostic consistency in non-small cell lung cancer. 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