{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T11:52:03Z","timestamp":1782215523603,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pol J Pathol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leprosy is a\u00a0rare chronic infectious disease that can be challenging to diagnose in non-endemic settings due to limited clinical experience among physicians and its marked clinical heterogeneity. We report the\u00a0case of\u00a0leprosy in a\u00a0Nordic patient with an extensive travel history who presented with cutaneous lesions, nasal congestion, and peripheral neurological symptoms. Although the\u00a0histopathological findings were not fully specific, modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed numerous acid-fast bacilli within the\u00a0tissue samples. Mycobacterium leprae was subsequently confirmed by molecular analyses. To minimise diagnostic delay and prevent disease progression, we provide an overview of\u00a0the\u00a0histopathological features of\u00a0leprosy and discuss relevant differential diagnoses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5114\/pjp.2025.158044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T10:21:22Z","timestamp":1772533282000},"page":"355-359","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An unexpected leprosy diagnosis in Nordic patient with skin lesions"],"prefix":"10.5114","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Arnhild","family":"Binde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes Hendricus","family":"van der Stoep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla Sivesind","family":"Mehlum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika Aneta","family":"Dzieniecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1687632","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith CS, Aerts A, Saunderson P, Kawuma J,\u00a0Kita E,\u00a0Virmond M. Multidrug therapy for leprosy: a\u00a0game changer on the\u00a0path to elimination. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17: e293-e297.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30418-8"},{"key":"ref-1687633","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lockwood N, McIntosh D, Armstrong AL, Checkley AM,\u00a0Wal-ker SL,\u00a0McBride A. Diagnosing and treating leprosy in a\u00a0non- endemic setting in a\u00a0national centre, London, United Kingdom 1995\u20132018. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16: e0010799-e0010799.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010799"},{"key":"ref-1687634","unstructured":"Pattyn SR. The\u00a0problem of\u00a0cultivation of\u00a0Mycobacterium leprae. A\u00a0review with criteria for evaluating recent experimental work. Bull World Health Organ 1973; 49: 403-410."},{"key":"ref-1687635","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Leprosy \u2013 number of\u00a0new leprosy cases: Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/ntddata\/leprosy\/leprosy.html (accessed: 29.10.2023)."},{"key":"ref-1687636","unstructured":"Guidelines for the\u00a0diagnosis, treatment and prevention of\u00a0leprosy. PAHO\/WHO | Pan American Health Organization. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/documents\/guidelines-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention-leprosy."},{"key":"ref-1687637","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maymone MBC, Laughter M, Venkatesh S, Dacso MM,\u00a0 Rao PN,\u00a0Stryjewska BM, et al. Leprosy: clinical aspects and diagnostic techniques. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 83: 1-14.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.12.080"},{"key":"ref-1687638","unstructured":"Ridley DS, Jopling WH. Classification of\u00a0leprosy according to immunity. A\u00a0five-group system.\u00a0Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis\u00a01966; 34: 255-273."},{"key":"ref-1687639","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massone C, Belachew WA, Schettini A. Histopathology of\u00a0the lepromatous skin biopsy. Clin Dermatol 2014; 33: 38-45.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.10.003"},{"key":"ref-1687640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grijsen ML, Nguyen TH, Pinheiro RO, Singh P, Lambert SM, Walker SL, et al. Leprosy. Nature Rev Dis Prim 2024; 10: 90.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00575-1"},{"key":"ref-1687641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cogen AL, Lebas E, De Barros B, Harnisch JP,\u00a0Faber WR,\u00a0Lockwood DN, et al. Biologics in leprosy: a\u00a0systematic review and case report. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102: 1131-1136.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0616"},{"key":"ref-1687642","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sardana K, Sharath S, Khurana A. Misdiagnosis of\u00a0leprosy: an underappreciated reason for its continued prevalence. Indian  J Med Res 2025; 161: 5-8.","DOI":"10.25259\/IJMR_15_2025"},{"key":"ref-1687643","unstructured":"World Health Organization: WHO. Leprosy WPRO. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/westernpacific\/health-topics\/leprosy#tab=tab_2."},{"key":"ref-1687644","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez AN, Talhari C, Moraes MO, Talhari S. PCR-based techniques for leprosy diagnosis: from the\u00a0laboratory to the\u00a0clinic. 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