{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T07:22:18Z","timestamp":1790320938524,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pol J Radiol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a dynamic compartment of the brain, constantly circulating through the ventricles and subarachnoid space. In recent years knowledge about CSF has expended due to numerous applications of phase-&lt;br \/&gt;\ncontrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) in CSF flow evaluation, leading to the revision of former theories and new concepts about pathophysiology of CSF disorders, which are caused either by alterations in CSF production, absorption, or its hydrodynamics. &lt;br \/&gt;\nAlthough alternative non-invasive techniques have emerged in recent years, PC-MRI is still a fundamental sequence that provides both qualitative and quantitative CSF assessment. PC-MRI is widely used to evaluate CSF hydrodyna\u00admics in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), Chiari type I malformations (CMI), syringomyelia, and after neurosurgical procedures. In NPH precisely performed PC-MRI provides reliable clinical information useful for differential diagnosis and selection of patients benefiting from surgical operation. Patients with CMI show abnormalities in CSF dynamics within the subarachnoid space, which are pronounced even further if syringomyelia coexists. Another indication for PC-MRI may be assessment of post-surgical CSF flow normalisation. &lt;br \/&gt;\nThe aim of this review is to highlight the significance of CSF as a multifunctional entity, to outline both the physical and technical background of PC-MRI, and to state current applications of this technique, not only in the diagnosis of central nervous system disorders, but also in the further clinical monitoring and prognosis after treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5114\/pjr.2019.86881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T13:31:53Z","timestamp":1566826313000},"page":"240-250","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Imaging of cerebrospinal fluid flow: fundamentals, techniques, and clinical applications of phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging"],"prefix":"10.5114","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Adrian","family":"Korbecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Zimny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Podg\u00f3rski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"S\u0105siadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Bladowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1140867","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(77)80012-2","article-title":"The secretion of cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"25","author":"Segal MB","year":"1977","unstructured":"Segal MB, Pollay M. (1977). The secretion of cerebrospinal fluid. Exp Eye Res. 25: 127-148.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref-1140868","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8454-7-9","article-title":"The function and structure of the cerebrospinal fluid outflow system","volume":"7","author":"Pollay M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pollay M. (2010). The function and structure of the cerebrospinal fluid outflow system. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 7: 9.","journal-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Res"},{"key":"ref-1140869","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2011.03.002","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"128","author":"Sakka L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sakka L, Coll G, Chazal J. (2011). Anatomy and physiology of cerebrospinal fluid. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 128: 309-316.","journal-title":"Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis"},{"key":"ref-1140870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-11-10","article-title":"A new look at cerebrospinal fluid circulation","volume":"11","author":"Brinker T","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brinker T, Stopa E, Morrison J, Klinge P. (2014). A new look at cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Fluids Barriers CNS. 11: 10.","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref-1140871","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147ra111","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748","article-title":"A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid \u03b2","volume":"4","author":"Iliff JJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, et al. (2012). A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid \u03b2. Sci Transl Med. 4: 147ra111.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref-1140872","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67677","article-title":"Brain-wide pathway for waste clearance captured by contrast-enhanced MRI","volume":"123","author":"Iliff JJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, Lee H, Yu M, et al. (2013). Brain-wide pathway for waste clearance captured by contrast-enhanced MRI. J Clin Invest. 123: 1299-1309.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref-1140873","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.12.1746","article-title":"The Monro-Kellie hypothesis: applications in CSF volume depletion","volume":"56","author":"Mokri B","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mokri B. (2001). The Monro-Kellie hypothesis: applications in CSF volume depletion. Neurology. 56: 1746-1748.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref-1140874","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-10-36","article-title":"Influence of respiration on cerebrospinal fluid movement using magnetic resonance spin labeling","volume":"10","author":"Yamada S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yamada S, Miyazaki M, Yamashita Y, et al. (2013). Influence of respiration on cerebrospinal fluid movement using magnetic resonance spin labeling. Fluids Barriers CNS. 10: 36.","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref-1140875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2014.55.337","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid physiology: visualization of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics using the magnetic resonance imaging Time-Spatial Inversion Pulse method","volume":"55","author":"Yamada S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamada S. (2014). Cerebrospinal fluid physiology: visualization of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics using the magnetic resonance imaging Time-Spatial Inversion Pulse method. Croat Med J. 55: 337-346.","journal-title":"Croat Med J"},{"key":"ref-1140876","first-page":"453","article-title":"The AAPM\/RSNA physics tutorial for residents","volume":"15","author":"Saloner D","year":"1995","unstructured":"Saloner D. (1995). The AAPM\/RSNA physics tutorial for residents. An introduction to MR angiography. Radiographics. 15: 453-465.","journal-title":"An introduction to MR angiography. Radiographics"},{"key":"ref-1140877","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199009000-00020","article-title":"Two- and three-dimensional phase contrast MR angiography of the abdomen","volume":"14","author":"Dumoulin CL","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dumoulin CL, Yucel EK, Vock P, et al. (1990). Two- and three-dimensional phase contrast MR angiography of the abdomen. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 14: 779-784.","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"ref-1140878","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.183.2.1561340","article-title":"Flow dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid: assessment with phase-contrast velocity MR imaging performed with retrospective cardiac gating","volume":"183","author":"Nitz WR","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nitz WR, Bradley WGJ, Watanabe AS, et al. (1992). Flow dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid: assessment with phase-contrast velocity MR imaging performed with retrospective cardiac gating. Radiology. 183: 395-405.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref-1140879","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.07.062","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique for Visualization of Irregular Cerebrospinal Fluid Motion in the Ventricular System and Subarachnoid Space","volume":"97","author":"Horie T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Horie T, Kajihara N, Matsumae M, et al. (2017). Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique for Visualization of Irregular Cerebrospinal Fluid Motion in the Ventricular System and Subarachnoid Space. World Neurosurg. 97: 523-531.","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref-1140880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4030","article-title":"Current and emerging MR imaging techniques for the diagnosis and management of CSF flow disorders: a review of phase-contrast and time-spatial labeling inversion pulse","volume":"36","author":"Yamada S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamada S, Tsuchiya K, Bradley WG, et al. (2015). Current and emerging MR imaging techniques for the diagnosis and management of CSF flow disorders: a review of phase-contrast and time-spatial labeling inversion pulse. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36: 623-630.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref-1140881","first-page":"534","article-title":"Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid flow at the cerebral aqueduct by use of phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging: technique validation and utility in diagnosing idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"50","author":"Luetmer PH","year":"2002","unstructured":"Luetmer PH, Huston J, Friedman JA, et al. (2002). Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid flow at the cerebral aqueduct by use of phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging: technique validation and utility in diagnosing idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 50: 534.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref-1140882","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.16995","article-title":"Phase-Contrast MRI CSF Flow Measurements for the Diagnosis of Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus: Observer Agreement of Velocity Versus Volume Parameters","volume":"208","author":"Tawfik AM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tawfik AM, Elsorogy L, Abdelghaffar R, et al. (2017). Phase-Contrast MRI CSF Flow Measurements for the Diagnosis of Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus: Observer Agreement of Velocity Versus Volume Parameters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 208: 838-843.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref-1140883","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2004.5.2.81","article-title":"CSF flow quantification of the cerebral aqueduct in normal volunteers using phase contrast cine MR imaging","volume":"5","author":"Lee JH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee JH, Lee HK, Kim JK, et al. (2004). CSF flow quantification of the cerebral aqueduct in normal volunteers using phase contrast cine MR imaging. Korean J Radiol. 5: 81-86.","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"ref-1140884","first-page":"229","article-title":"Phase contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"7","author":"Pelc NJ","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pelc NJ, Herfkens RJ, Shimakawa A, Enzmann DR. (1991). Phase contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Q. 7: 229-254.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Q"},{"key":"ref-1140885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196507152730301","article-title":"Symptomatic Occult Hydrocephalus with Normal Cerebrospinal-Fluid Pressure","volume":"273","author":"Adams RD","year":"1965","unstructured":"Adams RD, Fisher CM, Hakim S, Ojemann RG, Sweet WH. (1965). Symptomatic Occult Hydrocephalus with Normal Cerebrospinal-Fluid Pressure. N Engl J Med. 273: 117-126.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref-1140886","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4124","article-title":"CSF Flow in the Brain in the Context of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus","volume":"36","author":"Bradley WGJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bradley WGJ. (2015). CSF Flow in the Brain in the Context of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36: 831-838.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref-1140887","first-page":"1277","article-title":"CSF spaces in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: morphology and volumetry","volume":"19","author":"Kitagaki H","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kitagaki H, Mori E, Ishii K, et al. (1998). CSF spaces in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: morphology and volumetry. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19: 1277-1284.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref-1140888","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.8.JNS13575","article-title":"The callosal angle measured on MRI as a predictor of outcome in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"120","author":"Virhammar J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Virhammar J, Laurell K, Cesarini KG, Larsson EM. (2014). The callosal angle measured on MRI as a predictor of outcome in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg. 120: 178-184.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref-1140889","first-page":"31","article-title":"Association of deep white matter infarction with chronic communicating hydrocephalus: implications regarding the possible origin of normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"12","author":"Bradley WGJ","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bradley WGJ, Whittemore AR, Watanabe AS, et al. (1991). Association of deep white matter infarction with chronic communicating hydrocephalus: implications regarding the possible origin of normal-pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 12: 31-39.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref-1140890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.178.2.1987609","article-title":"Marked cerebrospinal fluid void: indicator of successful shunt in patients with suspected normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"178","author":"Bradley WGJ","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bradley WGJ, Whittemore AR, Kortman KE, et al. (1991). Marked cerebrospinal fluid void: indicator of successful shunt in patients with suspected normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Radiology. 178: 459-466.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref-1140891","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.4065\/77.6.509","article-title":"Use of cerebrospinal fluid flow rates measured by phase-contrast MR to predict outcome of ventriculoperitoneal shunting for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"77","author":"Dixon GR","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dixon GR, Friedman JA, Luetmer PH, et al. (2002). Use of cerebrospinal fluid flow rates measured by phase-contrast MR to predict outcome of ventriculoperitoneal shunting for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Mayo Clin Proc. 77: 509-514.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref-1140892","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.198.2.8596861","article-title":"Normal-pressure hydrocephalus: evaluation with cerebrospinal fluid flow measurements at MR imaging","volume":"198","author":"Bradley WGJ","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bradley WGJ, Scalzo D, Queralt J, et al. (1996). Normal-pressure hydrocephalus: evaluation with cerebrospinal fluid flow measurements at MR imaging. Radiology. 198: 523-529.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref-1140893","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2007.12.021","article-title":"Measurement of peak CSF flow velocity at cerebral aqueduct, before and after lumbar CSF drainage, by use of phase-contrast MRI: utility in the management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"110","author":"Sharma AK","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sharma AK, Gaikwad S, Gupta V, et al. (2008). Measurement of peak CSF flow velocity at cerebral aqueduct, before and after lumbar CSF drainage, by use of phase-contrast MRI: utility in the management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 110: 363-368.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref-1140894","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000249208.04344.A3","article-title":"Is aqueductal stroke volume, measured with cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging scans useful in predicting outcome of shunt surgery in suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus?","volume":"60","author":"Kahlon B","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kahlon B, Annertz M, Stahlberg F, Rehncrona S. (2007). Is aqueductal stroke volume, measured with cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging scans useful in predicting outcome of shunt surgery in suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus?. Neurosurgery. 60: 124-130.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref-1140895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2009.08.011","article-title":"The efficiency of PC-MRI in diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus and prediction of shunt response","volume":"17","author":"Algin O","year":"2010","unstructured":"Algin O, Hakyemez B, Parlak M. (2010). The efficiency of PC-MRI in diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus and prediction of shunt response. Acad Radiol. 17: 181-187.","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"ref-1140896","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4507","article-title":"Intracranial Pressure versus Phase-Contrast MR Imaging for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus","volume":"36","author":"Bradley WG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bradley WG. (2015). Intracranial Pressure versus Phase-Contrast MR Imaging for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Am J Neuroradiol. 36: 1631-1632.","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref-1140897","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0785","article-title":"Changes in aqueductal CSF stroke volume and progression of symptoms in patients with unshunted idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"29","author":"Scollato A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scollato A, Tenenbaum R, Bahl G, et al. (2008). Changes in aqueductal CSF stroke volume and progression of symptoms in patients with unshunted idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 29: 192-197.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref-1140898","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-85578-2_24","article-title":"The role of cerebrospinal fluid flow study using phase contrast MR imaging in diagnosing idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"102","author":"Al-Zain FT","year":"2008","unstructured":"Al-Zain FT, Rademacher G, Meier U, et al. (2008). The role of cerebrospinal fluid flow study using phase contrast MR imaging in diagnosing idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 102: 119-123.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"key":"ref-1140899","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.10.031","article-title":"Cine-PC MR in assessment of cerebrospinal fluid velocity in the aqueduct of the midbrain correlated with intracranial pressure \u2013 initial study","volume":"78","author":"Zhang B","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang B, Li S. (2012). Cine-PC MR in assessment of cerebrospinal fluid velocity in the aqueduct of the midbrain correlated with intracranial pressure \u2013 initial study. Med Hypotheses. 78: 227-230.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref-1140900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4340","article-title":"Aqueductal stroke volume: comparisons with intracranial pressure scores in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"36","author":"Ringstad G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ringstad G, Emblem KE, Geier O, et al. (2015). Aqueductal stroke volume: comparisons with intracranial pressure scores in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36: 1623-1630.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref-1140901","first-page":"667","article-title":"Flow-sensitive MR imaging of ventriculoperitoneal shunts: in vitro findings, clinical applications, and pitfalls","volume":"12","author":"Castillo M","year":"1991","unstructured":"Castillo M, Hudgins PA, Malko JA, et al. (1991). Flow-sensitive MR imaging of ventriculoperitoneal shunts: in vitro findings, clinical applications, and pitfalls. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 12: 667-671.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref-1140902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.18.3.9599388","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging of ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunctions and complications","volume":"18","author":"Goeser CD","year":"1998","unstructured":"Goeser CD, McLeary MS, Young LW. (1998). Diagnostic imaging of ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunctions and complications. Radiographics. 18: 635-651.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref-1140903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2321011976","article-title":"Case 72: pseudocyst around ventriculoperitoneal shunt","volume":"232","author":"Pernas JC","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pernas JC, Catala J. (2004). Case 72: pseudocyst around ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Radiology. 232: 239-243.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref-1140904","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E9","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2005.19.6.10","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in a series of 36 adult patients","volume":"19","author":"Amini A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Amini A, Schmidt RH. (2005). Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in a series of 36 adult patients. Neurosurg Focus. 19: E9.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref-1140905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199001000-00012","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy","volume":"26","author":"Jones RF","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jones RF, Stening WA, Brydon M. (1990). Endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Neurosurgery. 26: 82-86.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref-1140906","first-page":"62","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: an Italian multicenter study","volume":"63","author":"Gangemi M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gangemi M, Maiuri F, Naddeo M, et al. (2008). Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: an Italian multicenter study. Neurosurgery. 63: 62-69.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref-1140907","first-page":"2514","article-title":"Functional analysis of third ventriculostomy patency by quantification of CSF stroke volume by using cine phase-contrast MR imaging","volume":"26","author":"Bargallo N","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bargallo N, Olondo L, Garcia AI, et al. (2005). Functional analysis of third ventriculostomy patency by quantification of CSF stroke volume by using cine phase-contrast MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26: 2514-2521.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref-1140908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2523081398","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy: predicting outcome with phase-contrast MR imaging","volume":"252","author":"Stivaros SM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stivaros SM, Sinclair D, Bromiley PA, et al. (2009). Endoscopic third ventriculostomy: predicting outcome with phase-contrast MR imaging. Radiology. 252: 825-832.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref-1140909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.5.PEDS1122","article-title":"Natural history of Chiari malformation Type I following decision for conservative treatment","volume":"8","author":"Strahle J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Strahle J, Muraszko KM, Kapurch J, et al. (2011). Natural history of Chiari malformation Type I following decision for conservative treatment. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 8: 214-221.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"ref-1140910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.92.6.0920","article-title":"Asymptomatic Chiari type I malformations identified on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"92","author":"Meadows J","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meadows J, Kraut M, Guarnieri M, et al. (2000). Asymptomatic Chiari type I malformations identified on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg. 92: 920-926.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref-1140911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199905000-00042","article-title":"Chiari I Malformation Redefined: Clinical and Radiographic Findings for 364 Symptomatic Patients","volume":"44","author":"Milhorat TH","year":"1999","unstructured":"Milhorat TH, Chou MW, Trinidad EM, et al. (1999). Chiari I Malformation Redefined: Clinical and Radiographic Findings for 364 Symptomatic Patients. Neurosurgery. 44: 1005-1017.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref-1140912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-010-0636-3","article-title":"Mechanisms of cerebellar tonsil herniation in patients with Chiari malformations as guide to clinical management","volume":"152","author":"Milhorat TH","year":"2010","unstructured":"Milhorat TH, Nishikawa M, Kula RW, Dlugacz YD. (2010). Mechanisms of cerebellar tonsil herniation in patients with Chiari malformations as guide to clinical management. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 152: 1117-1127.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"ref-1140913","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.196.1.7784567","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid flow waveforms: analysis in patients with Chiari I malformation by means of gated phase-contrast MR imaging velocity measurements","volume":"196","author":"Bhadelia RA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bhadelia RA, Bogdan AR, Wolpert SM, et al. (1995). Cerebrospinal fluid flow waveforms: analysis in patients with Chiari I malformation by means of gated phase-contrast MR imaging velocity measurements. Radiology. 196: 195-202.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref-1140914","first-page":"169","article-title":"Peak systolic and diastolic CSF velocity in the foramen magnum in adult patients with Chiari I malformations and in normal control participants","volume":"24","author":"Haughton VM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Haughton VM, Korosec FR, Medow JE, et al. (2003). Peak systolic and diastolic CSF velocity in the foramen magnum in adult patients with Chiari I malformations and in normal control participants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24: 169-176.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref-1140915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-013-1958-8","article-title":"Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics and morphology in Chiari I malformation with cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"156","author":"Wang CS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang CS, Wang X, Fu CH, et al. (2014). Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics and morphology in Chiari I malformation with cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 156: 707-713.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"ref-1140916","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.28.3.247","article-title":"Hydrodynamic mechanism of syringomyelia: its relationship to myelocele","volume":"28","author":"Gardner WJ","year":"1965","unstructured":"Gardner WJ. (1965). Hydrodynamic mechanism of syringomyelia: its relationship to myelocele. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 28: 247-259.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref-1140917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2268","article-title":"Peak CSF velocities in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic Chiari I malformation","volume":"31","author":"Krueger KD","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krueger KD, Haughton VM, Hetzel S. (2010). Peak CSF velocities in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic Chiari I malformation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 31: 1837-1841.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref-1140918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2369","article-title":"Cough-associated headache in patients with Chiari I malformation: CSF Flow analysis by means of cine phase-contrast MR imaging","volume":"32","author":"Bhadelia RA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bhadelia RA, Frederick E, Patz S, et al. (2011). Cough-associated headache in patients with Chiari I malformation: CSF Flow analysis by means of cine phase-contrast MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 32: 739-742.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref-1140919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2460","article-title":"CSF flow through the upper cervical spinal canal in Chiari I malformation","volume":"32","author":"Shah S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shah S, Haughton V, del Rio AM. (2011). CSF flow through the upper cervical spinal canal in Chiari I malformation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 32: 1149-1153.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref-1140920","first-page":"169","article-title":"Foramen magnum cerebrospinal fluid flow characteristics in children with Chiari I malformation before and after craniocervical decompression","volume":"101","author":"Iskandar BJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Iskandar BJ, Quigley M, Haughton VM. (2004). Foramen magnum cerebrospinal fluid flow characteristics in children with Chiari I malformation before and after craniocervical decompression. J Neurosurg. 101: 169-178.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref-1140921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25160","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid velocity amplitudes within the cerebral aqueduct in healthy children and patients with Chiari I malformation","volume":"44","author":"Bapuraj JR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bapuraj JR, Londy FJ, Delavari N, et al. (2016). Cerebrospinal fluid velocity amplitudes within the cerebral aqueduct in healthy children and patients with Chiari I malformation. J Magn Reson Imaging. 44: 463-470.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref-1140922","first-page":"508","article-title":"Age-related variations in peak cerebrospinal fluid velocities in the foramen magnum","volume":"103","author":"Iskandar BJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Iskandar BJ, Haughton V. (2005). Age-related variations in peak cerebrospinal fluid velocities in the foramen magnum. J Neurosurg. 103: 508-511.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref-1140923","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2321030666","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid flow in foramen magnum: temporal and spatial patterns at MR imaging in volunteers and in patients with Chiari I malformation","volume":"232","author":"Quigley MF","year":"2004","unstructured":"Quigley MF, Iskandar B, Quigley ME, et al. (2004). Cerebrospinal fluid flow in foramen magnum: temporal and spatial patterns at MR imaging in volunteers and in patients with Chiari I malformation. Radiology. 232: 229-236.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref-1140924","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2452061096","article-title":"Differentiation between symptomatic Chiari I malformation and asymptomatic tonsilar ectopia by using cerebrospinal fluid flow imaging: initial estimate of imaging accuracy","volume":"245","author":"Hofkes SK","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hofkes SK, Iskandar BJ, Turski PA, et al. (2007). Differentiation between symptomatic Chiari I malformation and asymptomatic tonsilar ectopia by using cerebrospinal fluid flow imaging: initial estimate of imaging accuracy. Radiology. 245: 532-540.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref-1140925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2457-7","article-title":"Magnetic resonance 4D flow analysis of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in Chiari I malformation with and without syringomyelia","volume":"22","author":"Bunck AC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bunck AC, Kroeger JR, Juettner A, et al. (2012). Magnetic resonance 4D flow analysis of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in Chiari I malformation with and without syringomyelia. Eur Radiol. 22: 1860-1870.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref-1140926","first-page":"142","article-title":"Effect of craniocervical decompression on peak CSF velocities in symptomatic patients with Chiari I malformation","volume":"25","author":"Dolar MT","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dolar MT, Haughton VM, Iskandar BJ, Quigley M. (2004). Effect of craniocervical decompression on peak CSF velocities in symptomatic patients with Chiari I malformation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 25: 142-145.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref-1140927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2000.8.3.3","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics study in Chiari I malformation: implications for syrinx formation","volume":"8","author":"Pinna G","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pinna G, Alessandrini F, Alfieri A, et al. (2000). Cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics study in Chiari I malformation: implications for syrinx formation. Neurosurg Focus. 8: E3.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref-1140928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199408000-00006","article-title":"Quantitative cine-mode magnetic resonance imaging of Chiari I malformations: an analysis of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics","volume":"35","author":"Armonda RA","year":"1994","unstructured":"Armonda RA, Citrin CM, Foley KT, Ellenbogen RG. (1994). Quantitative cine-mode magnetic resonance imaging of Chiari I malformations: an analysis of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. Neurosurgery. 35: 214.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref-1140929","first-page":"151","article-title":"Phasecontrast MR imaging of the cervical CSF and spinal cord: volumetric motion analysis in patients with Chiari I malformation","volume":"21","author":"Hofmann E","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hofmann E, Warmuth-Metz M, Bendszus M, Solymosi L. (2000). Phasecontrast MR imaging of the cervical CSF and spinal cord: volumetric motion analysis in patients with Chiari I malformation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21: 151-158.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref-1140930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-010-0266-5","article-title":"Pathogenesis of syringomyelia associated with Chiari type 1 malformation: review of evidences and proposal of a new hypothesis","volume":"33","author":"Koyanagi I","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koyanagi I, Houkin K. (2010). Pathogenesis of syringomyelia associated with Chiari type 1 malformation: review of evidences and proposal of a new hypothesis. Neurosurg Rev. 33: 271-275.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"ref-1140931","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2105-7","article-title":"Magnetic resonance 4D flow characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid at the craniocervical junction and the cervical spinal canal","volume":"21","author":"Bunck AC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bunck AC, Kroger JR, Juttner A, et al. (2011). Magnetic resonance 4D flow characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid at the craniocervical junction and the cervical spinal canal. Eur Radiol. 21: 1788-1796.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref-1140932","first-page":"1785","article-title":"CSF flow measurement in syringomyelia","volume":"21","author":"Brugieres P","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brugieres P, Idy-Peretti I, Iffenecker C, et al. (2000). CSF flow measurement in syringomyelia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21: 1785-1792.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"}],"container-title":["Polish Journal of Radiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.polradiol.com\/pdf-105641-108772","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.polradiol.com\/pdf-105641-108772","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T11:25:37Z","timestamp":1716377137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.polradiol.com\/Imaging-of-cerebrospinal-fluid-flow-fundamentals-techniques-and-clinical-applications,105641,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["105641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/pjr.2019.86881","relation":{},"ISSN":["1899-0967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1899-0967","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]}}}