{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T01:39:00Z","timestamp":1777685940128,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pol J Radiol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anatomical variants of the long head of the biceps (LHB) and diseases of the rotator interval structures may contribute to shoulder instability. The rotator interval and the LHB tendon are closely associated anatomic structures that confer stability to the shoulder. Anatomical variants around the origins of the long head of the biceps (LHB) are reported to occur with a\u00a0frequency of 1.9-7.4%. In the past years, many authors have proposed different approaches for the identification and characterization of LHB and rotators interval. Magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography is considered the reference standard in imaging to diagnose superior shoulder diseases. However, few authors have analysed the anatomical variants and the relation between those and shoulder instability. This study aimed to identify the frequency of variants observed during arthroscopic shoulder surgeries, and to classify them based on the Dierickx classification system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 326 MR arthrograms we investigated the incidence of LHB anatomical variations and their association with shoulder diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found 252\/326 (77.3%) cases of LHB free, 40\/326(12.26%) cases of LHB adherent, 31\/326(9.50%) cases \nof mesotenon, and 3\/326(0.9%) cases of split biceps. The prevalence of rotator interval synovitis in the mesotenon group was greater than in the LHB-free group. Moreover, in the LHB-adherent group we observed increased incidence of sublabral recess and SLAP lesions compared with the LHB-free group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>MR-arthrography is useful in the evaluation of superior shoulder structures. A\u00a0relationship exists between LHB anomalies and superior shoulder instability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5114\/pjr.2021.104206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T20:02:41Z","timestamp":1619553761000},"page":"93-101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Intra-articular long head of the biceps tendon: magnetic resonance-arthrography classification and review of literature"],"prefix":"10.5114","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Tarallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"C. Morgano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Curti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Span\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Castagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugenio A.","family":"Genovese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1150568","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.03.009","article-title":"The MR arthrographic anatomy of the biceps labral insertion and its morphological significance with labral tears in patients with shoulder instability","volume":"81","author":"Jakanani GC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jakanani GC, Botchu R, Rennie WJ. The MR arthrographic anatomy of the biceps labral insertion and its morphological significance with labral tears in patients with shoulder instability. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81: 3390-3393.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"ref-1150569","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2007.05.007","article-title":"Anatomic variations in the long head of biceps: contribution to shoulder dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"Ghalayini SRA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ghalayini SRA, Board TN, Srinivasan MS. Anatomic variations in the long head of biceps: contribution to shoulder dysfunction. Arthroscopy 2007; 23: 1012-1018.","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref-1150570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(03)00392-X","article-title":"Shoulder instability with absence of the long head of the biceps tendon","volume":"19","author":"Glueck DA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Glueck DA, Mair SD, Johnson DL. 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