{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T20:22:38Z","timestamp":1778617358098,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pol J Radiol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess differentiating features between bacterial, Aspergillus, and Mucor skull base osteomyelitis (SBO) with regard to clinical presentation and imaging appearances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A\u00a0literature search was performed in April 2020 for studies on SBO with a\u00a0minimum sample size of 10 patients. Studies that reported presenting symptoms, cross-sectional imaging findings, complications, and mortality were included in the analysis. The quality of included articles was tested using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool. A\u00a0data extraction form was used to retrieve relevant parameters from each of the articles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirteen articles were included in the final analysis. Diabetes mellitus was the most common predisposing factor (12.5-91.0%). Presenting complaints in all bacterial SBO studies were otogenic, while fungal SBO patients had nasal\/ocular complaints. Rates of mortality and surgical intervention in the fungal group were 50-100% and 50%, respectively, as compared to the bacterial group \u2013 7-87% and 10%, respectively. On imaging, the site of initial infection in bacterial SBO was the external auditory canal, while in fungal SBO it was the paranasal sinus. The incidence of orbital extension was &lt; 5% in bacterial and 44-70% in fungal SBO, among which Mucor had rates of 65-70%. Bone erosion was less extensive in bacterial SBO, and the patterns differed. The highest incidence of vascular involvement and non-enhancing lesions (23-36%) was seen in Mucor. Aspergillus showed highest sino-cranial extension (52-55%) and homogenous bright enhancement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systematic analysis of the clinico-radiological parameters in each of the studies revealed differences in presentation, clinical course, extension, bone erosion, and enhancement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5114\/pjr.2021.106470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,4]],"date-time":"2021-07-04T19:12:21Z","timestamp":1625425941000},"page":"309-321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Can imaging suggest the aetiology in skull base osteomyelitis? A\u00a0systematic literature review"],"prefix":"10.5114","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Deeksha","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashu","family":"S. Bhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Smita","family":"Manchanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1149016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3390-y","article-title":"Central skull base osteomyelitis: new insights and implications for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"272","author":"Ridder GJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ridder GJ, Breunig C, Kaminsky J, Pfeiffer J. Central skull base osteomyelitis: new insights and implications for diagnosis and treatment. 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