{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:49:16Z","timestamp":1781758156932,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reumatologia"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The involvement of neutralizing antibodies against type I interferon (IFN-I) in the development of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adult patients has been well documented. However, the role of anti-IFN-\u03b1 autoantibodies, especially non-neutralizing types, remains\n\nunderexplored, especially in children. Our study aimed to determine the frequency of antibodies\n\nagainst IFN-\u03b1 in children with COVID-19 and long COVID, as well as their potential role in the development of long COVID.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 78 children aged 1 to 17 years with a documented history of COVID-19 from September 2022 to August 2023. All patients were divided into three groups:\n\nhospitalized with COVID-19, hospitalized with long COVID symptoms, and monitored in an outpatient care department for mild COVID-19 or symptoms of long COVID. Human anti-IFN-\u03b1 antibodies\n\nwere detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Binding anti-IFN-\u03b1 antibodies were detected in 2\/78 (2.6%) children with COVID-19 of varying severity. One patient with anti-IFN-\u03b1 antibodies had comorbidities (obesity, allergic rhinitis)\n\nand critical COVID-19 pneumonia (SpO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;\n\n\u2013 80%), significant inflammatory changes (neutrophil-to-\nlymphocyte ratio: 18.8, C-reactive protein: 95.5 mg\/l), and a high D-dimer level, and later developed\n\nlong COVID symptoms. In the second case, COVID-19 in a 13-year-old girl without significant comorbidities was not severe, but leukopenia and lymphopenia were observed. Subsequently, she developed pronounced long COVID symptoms (fatigue, reduced appetite, insomnia, headache, decreased\n\nattention, difficulty concentrating, weight loss, tachycardia, dizziness), which persisted for up to\n\n6 months after the acute infection. The detection rate of binding anti-IFN-\u03b1 antibodies among hospitalized COVID-19 patients was 4%, compared to 25% among patients with severe\/critical disease.\n\nAmong children who developed long COVID symptoms, anti-IFN-\u03b1 was found in 3.4%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Further studies in larger cohorts are needed to assess the role of anti-IFN-\u03b1 antibodies\n\n(both neutralizing and non-neutralizing) in the development of long COVID symptoms, to understand their clinical significance, and to examine their dynamics over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5114\/reum\/204365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T09:23:12Z","timestamp":1757496192000},"page":"229-235","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anti-interferon \u03b1-antibodies in pediatric patients with COVID-19 and long COVID"],"prefix":"10.5114","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Oksana","family":"Boyarchuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vita","family":"Perestiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetiana","family":"Kosovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liubov","family":"Volianska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1508903","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.025"},{"key":"ref-1508904","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585"},{"key":"ref-1508905","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000360084"},{"key":"ref-1508906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04447-0"},{"key":"ref-1508907","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41600-3"},{"key":"ref-1508908","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed"},{"key":"ref-1508909","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1086867"},{"key":"ref-1508910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.11.020"},{"key":"ref-1508911","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu"},{"key":"ref-1508912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galipeau Y, Cooper C, Langlois MA. Autoantibodies in COVID-19: implications for disease severity and clinical outcomes. Front Immunol 2025; 15: 1509289, DOI: 10.3389\/ fimmu.2024.1509289.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1509289"},{"key":"ref-1508913","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis"},{"key":"ref-1508914","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2021.107590"},{"key":"ref-1508915","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020400"},{"key":"ref-1508916","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/reum"},{"key":"ref-1508917","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19. Interim guidance, 27 May 2020. World Health Organization, Geneva 2020. WHO reference number: WHO\/2019-nCoV\/ clinical\/2020.5. Available at: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/332196\/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2020.5-eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref-1508918","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Post COVID-19 condition (Long COVID). 7 December 2022. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/item\/post-covid-19-condition (Access: 10.01.2025)."},{"key":"ref-1508919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13628"},{"key":"ref-1508920","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abp8966"},{"key":"ref-1508921","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-024-01839-x"},{"key":"ref-1508922","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202249824"},{"key":"ref-1508923","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01036-0"},{"key":"ref-1508924","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adq1789"},{"key":"ref-1508925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac372"},{"key":"ref-1508926","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29089"},{"key":"ref-1508927","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad641"}],"container-title":["Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reu.termedia.pl\/pdf-204365-128500","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/reu.termedia.pl\/pdf-204365-128500","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T09:23:18Z","timestamp":1757496198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reu.termedia.pl\/Anti-interferon-antibodies-in-pediatric-patients-with-COVID-19-and-long-COVID,204365,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"alternative-id":["204365"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/reum\/204365","relation":{},"ISSN":["0034-6233","2084-9834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0034-6233","type":"print"},{"value":"2084-9834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]}}}