{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T14:20:34Z","timestamp":1768227634412,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reumatologia"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This case-based literature review aims to challenge a\u00a0common misconception that elevated erythro\u00adcyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, halo sign on temporal artery ultrasound, and arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy are essential to make a\u00a0diagnosis of\u00a0giant cell arteritis (GCA). Here, we present a\u00a0case of\u00a0a\u00a070-year-old woman with a\u00a0biopsy-proven GCA who met the\u00a02022 American College of\u00a0Rheumatology\/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Giant Cell Arteritis. On admission she complained of\u00a0left temporal headache, left scalp tenderness, constitutional symptoms and visual disturbances in her left eye that was diagnosed as posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Erythro\u00adcyte sedimentation rate and CRP levels were within normal limits, and the\u00a0patient had no halo sign on the\u00a0temporal artery ultrasound. It is crucial to carefully evaluate visual disturbances in elderly patients, since missing a\u00a0dia\u00adgnosis of\u00a0GCA can have catastrophic consequences, such as bilateral blindness, aortic dissection, stroke, or myocardial infarction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5114\/reum\/207774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T11:15:36Z","timestamp":1768216536000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy as the\u00a0main manifestation of\u00a0giant cell arteritis: a\u00a0case-based literature review"],"prefix":"10.5114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1835-1180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Barankiewicz-Tyc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"W\u0105sik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Majewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Kania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Moskal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Kalinowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1631887","unstructured":"Laskou F, Coath F, Mackie SL, et al. A\u00a0probability score to aid the\u00a0diagnosis of\u00a0suspected giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2019; 37 Suppl 117: 104\u2013108."},{"key":"ref-1631888","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41774"},{"key":"ref-1631889","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42325"},{"key":"ref-1631890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02433-y"},{"key":"ref-1631891","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03153-7"},{"key":"ref-1631892","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillejo Becerra CM, Crowson CS, Langenfeld HE, et al. Popu\u00adlation-Based Performance of\u00a0Inflammatory Markers in Giant Cell Arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol 2025; 275: 47\u201351, DOI: 10.1016\/ j.ajo.2025.03.022.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.03.022"},{"key":"ref-1631893","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1125141"},{"key":"ref-1631894","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00300-4"},{"key":"ref-1631895","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkab059"},{"key":"ref-1631896","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30222-8"},{"key":"ref-1631897","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal"},{"key":"ref-1631898","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2022.107425"},{"key":"ref-1631899","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701562"},{"key":"ref-1631900","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.186826"},{"key":"ref-1631901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.101082"},{"key":"ref-1631902","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0994-9"},{"key":"ref-1631903","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11071997"},{"key":"ref-1631904","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO"},{"key":"ref-1631905","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000529"},{"key":"ref-1631906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001381"},{"key":"ref-1631907","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO"},{"key":"ref-1631908","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001593"},{"key":"ref-1631909","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17469899.2024.2306583"},{"key":"ref-1631910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1681_20"},{"key":"ref-1631911","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-022-00422-z"},{"key":"ref-1631912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2022.123670"},{"key":"ref-1631913","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2021.105414"},{"key":"ref-1631914","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224543"},{"key":"ref-1631915","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i6.484"},{"key":"ref-1631916","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0994-9"},{"key":"ref-1631917","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001064"},{"key":"ref-1631918","unstructured":"Arai T, Sawamura H, Shoda H, et al. A\u00a0case of\u00a0posterior ische\u00admic optic neuropathy due to giant cell arteritis with advanced glaucoma. Neuro-Ophthalmology Japan 2017; 34: 54\u201360."},{"key":"ref-1631919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2022.2099427"}],"container-title":["Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reu.termedia.pl\/pdf-207774-134069","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/reu.termedia.pl\/pdf-207774-134069","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T11:15:40Z","timestamp":1768216540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reu.termedia.pl\/Posterior-ischemic-optic-neuropathy-as-the-main-manifestation-of-giant-cell-arteritis,207774,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["207774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/reum\/207774","relation":{},"ISSN":["0034-6233","2084-9834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0034-6233","type":"print"},{"value":"2084-9834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]}}}