{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T07:40:49Z","timestamp":1768808449745,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Termedia Sp. z.o.o.","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reumatologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tumor growth factor b (TGF-b) is a\u00a0pleiotropic cytokine which controls autoimmune reactions, cell proliferation, and the organ accumulation of lymphocytes. This cytokine has a\u00a0protective and anti-inflammatory effect in autoimmune processes, but also has a\u00a0pro-fibrinous activity. Therefore, its importance in the development of systemic sclerosis has been proven. The role of TGF-b in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome is also a\u00a0valid direction of research. The aim of the presented study is to evaluate the level of TGF-b in sera of primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome patients and to investigate possible correlations with autoantibodies, cytokines, and cells in biopsy of minor salivary glands active in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty-three primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome patients were included. Routine laboratory tests and immunological assessment (ANA, anti SS-A, anti SS-B antibodies, rheumatoid factor), ophthalmological assessment with ocular staining scoring, chest X-ray, and high-resolution computed tomography (if necessary) were performed. Serum concentrations of cytokines such as TGF-b, BAFF, APRIL, FLT-3L, LT-a, IL-21, and TNF-a were evaluated using standard ELISA assays. The histopathological evaluation (focus score) and the determination of CD3+, CD4+, CD19+, CD21+, CD35+ cells was performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was no significant correlation between TGF-b and other tested cytokines or autoantibodies, other than TNF-a. A\u00a0negative correlation (r = \u20130.472) between TGF-b and TNF-a was found. There were no correlations between TGF-b and: results of ocular examinations, elements of histopathological variables, or lungs changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors state that: 1) the results may indicate that TGF-b influences the serum TNF-a activity in pSS patients, 2) our findings suggest that TGF-b may be the strongest inhibitor of TNF-a among cytokines involved in pSS pathogenesis, and 3) the results may explain the ineffectiveness of anti-TNF drugs in the treatment of pSS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2019.91276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T15:26:26Z","timestamp":1578669986000},"page":"309-314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The level of TGF-b in sera of patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome"],"prefix":"10.5114","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Ma\u015bli\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Paradowska-Gorycka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Ma\u0144czak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Kostyra-Grabczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brygida","family":"Kwiatkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3061","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-777487","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2174\/1573397112666160714164149","article-title":"Update on Pathogenesis of Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Sandhya P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sandhya P, Kurien BT, Danda D, Scofield RH. (2017). Update on Pathogenesis of Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome Curr Rheumatol Rev. 13: 5-22.","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rev"},{"key":"ref-777488","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.7.3855","article-title":"Antagonistic Effects of TNF-\u03b1 on TGF-\u03b2 Signaling Through Down-Regulation of TGF-\u03b2 Receptor Type II in Human Dermal Fibroblasts","volume":"171","author":"Yamane K","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yamane K, Ihn H, Asano Y, et al. (2003). Antagonistic Effects of TNF-\u03b1 on TGF-\u03b2 Signaling Through Down-Regulation of TGF-\u03b2 Receptor Type II in Human Dermal Fibroblasts J Immunol. 171: 3855-3862.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref-777489","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30226","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005310200","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits transforming growth factor-beta\/Smad signaling in human dermal fibroblasts via AP-1 activation","volume":"275","author":"Verrecchia F","year":"2000","unstructured":"Verrecchia F, Pessah M, Atfi A, Mauviel A. (2000). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits transforming growth factor-beta\/Smad signaling in human dermal fibroblasts via AP-1 activation J Biol Chem. 275: 30226-30231.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref-777490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6355","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001520","article-title":"A Role for Lymphotoxin in Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Disease","volume":"185","author":"Shen L","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shen L, Suresh L, Wu J, et al. (2010). A Role for Lymphotoxin in Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Disease J Immunol. 185: 6355-6363.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref-777491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R179","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3504","article-title":"Impact of interleukin-21 in the pathogenesis of primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: increased serum levels of interleukin-21 and its expression in the labial salivary glands","volume":"13","author":"Kang KY","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kang KY, Kim HO, Kwok SK, et al. (2011). Impact of interleukin-21 in the pathogenesis of primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: increased serum levels of interleukin-21 and its expression in the labial salivary glands Arthritis Res Ther. 13: R179.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"ref-777492","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3518","article-title":"IL-21 and Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Scofield RH","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scofield RH. (2011). IL-21 and Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Arthritis Res Ther. 13: 137.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"ref-777493","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1186\/ar552","article-title":"Emerging role of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in rheumatic diseases","volume":"4","author":"Kalden JR","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kalden JR. (2002). 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