{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T12:00:43Z","timestamp":1777032043352,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Saudi Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1997.185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T15:09:33Z","timestamp":1494428973000},"page":"185-190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Trihexyphenidyl (Artane) Dependence: A Controlled Investigation between Users and Abusers"],"prefix":"10.5144","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Naseem Akhtar","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Buraidah Mental Health Hospital, Buraidah"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aladin Hadi","family":"Al Amri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Health Affairs, Al-Qassim"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muzamil H.","family":"Abdelgadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Continuous Medical Education & Community Services, Buraidah"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Essam A.","family":"El-Haraka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Health Affairs, Al-Qassim"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3134","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(91)90006-D","article-title":"Muscarinic cholinergic hyperactivity in schizophrenia: relationship to positive and negative symptoms","volume":"4","author":"Tandon R","year":"1991","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"130","article-title":"Use or abuse of antiparkinsonian drugs by psychiatric patients","volume":"47","author":"Saran AS","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199302000-00008","article-title":"Drug interactions with antipsychotic agents","volume":"13","author":"Goff D","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1986.tb06277.x","article-title":"An experimental evaluation of the euphoric properties of antiparkinson drugs on psychotic patients","volume":"74","author":"Vagen R","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1992.391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.3.429","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of trihexyphenidyl in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia","volume":"151","author":"Goff DC","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"187","article-title":"Trihexyphenidyl abuse and Munchausen's syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Qureshi NA","year":"1993","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1984.tb02528.x","article-title":"Trihexyphenidyl dependence","volume":"69","author":"McInnis M","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770070088010","article-title":"Comparative doses and costs of antipsychotic medication","volume":"33","author":"Davis JM","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1159\/000402339","article-title":"Neuroleptic drugs and sexual function in schizophrenia","volume":"15","author":"Nestoros JN","year":"1980","journal-title":"Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.3.799","article-title":"The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale","volume":"10","author":"Overall JE","year":"1962","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","volume-title":"ECDEU Assessment Manual","author":"National Institute of Mental Health","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeste DV Wyatt RJ. Understanding and treating tardive dyskinesia. New York: Guilford Press 1982.","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-198306000-00037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1970.tb02066.x","article-title":"A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects","volume":"212","author":"Simpson GM","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scand"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.145.3.300","article-title":"A study of benzhexol abuse","volume":"145","author":"Crawshaw JA","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.145.4.429","article-title":"Smoking and malignancy in schizophrenia","volume":"145","author":"Masterson E","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"120","article-title":"Developmental stages in adolescent drug involvement","volume":"30","author":"Kandel DB","year":"1980","journal-title":"NIDA Research Monograph"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.9.1189","article-title":"Cigarette smoking in schizophrenia: relationship to psychopathology and medication side effects","volume":"149","author":"Goff DC","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.4.546","article-title":"Cigarette smoking: implication for psychiatric illness","volume":"150","author":"Glassman AH","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"431","article-title":"Characterizing anticholinergic abuse in community mental health","volume":"9","author":"Well BG","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"Treating extrapyramidal reactions: some current issues","volume":"48","author":"Gelenberg AJ","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.156.3.413","article-title":"Comment on the WHO consensus statement","volume":"156","author":"Barnes TRE","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760130049008","article-title":"Why do schizophrenic patients refuse to take their drugs","volume":"31","author":"Van Putten T","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.156.3.412","article-title":"Prophylactic use of anticholinergics in patients on long-term neuroleptic treatment. A consensus statement","volume":"156","author":"WHO heads of centres collaborating in WHO-co-ordinated studies on biological aspects of mental illness","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.131.1.86","article-title":"Antiparkinsonian agents and depot phenothiazine","volume":"131","author":"Chien CP","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790090075012","article-title":"Initial anticholinergic prophylaxis for neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal syndromes","volume":"40","author":"Keepers GA","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1991.tb03775.x","article-title":"Prophylactic antiparkinson drug use: II withdrawal after long-term maintenance therapy","volume":"31","author":"Lavin MR","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(70)71583-1","article-title":"Antiparkinson drug overuse","volume":"11","author":"Di Mascio A","year":"1970","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"68","article-title":"Benztropine-induced psychosis: is it a toxic psychosis or an aggravation in the direction of schizophrenia","volume":"3","author":"Qureshi NA","year":"1995","journal-title":"Saudi Pharmaceut J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"748","article-title":"Managing tardive dyskinesia","volume":"39","author":"Casey DE","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","first-page":"109","article-title":"Trihexyphenidyl (THP)-induced respiratory dyskinesia","volume":"26","author":"Hirata I","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(87)90131-4","article-title":"Nicotine exposure and tardive dyskinesia","volume":"22","author":"Yassa R","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(87)90038-2","article-title":"Smoking and tardive dyskinesia","volume":"22","author":"Binder RL","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Annals of Saudi Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.annsaudimed.net\/index.php\/vol17\/vol17iss2\/2674.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,2]],"date-time":"2019-06-02T11:48:53Z","timestamp":1559476133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.annsaudimed.net\/doi\/10.5144\/0256-4947.1997.185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5144\/0256-4947.1997.185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5144\/0256-4947.1997.185","relation":{},"ISSN":["0256-4947","0975-4466"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0256-4947","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-4466","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]}}}