{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T22:40:56Z","timestamp":1793572856670,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Saudi Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2019.295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T17:40:45Z","timestamp":1570124445000},"page":"295-301","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Obesity and childhood asthma in male schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia: Is there a role for leptin, interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and interleukin-21?"],"prefix":"10.5144","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Ayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Alshaybari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhafer","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alzahrani","family":"Jamaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Nasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamdan","family":"Alaamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics, Armed Forces Medical Services, Ministry of Defense, Najran, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wed","family":"Alaseeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Mahfouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Family Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Ali Alsareli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the General Surgery Department, University of Najran, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Morad","family":"Asaad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aamir","family":"Ali Magzoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department Physiology, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Ansar","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6968-8048","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammed Helmy","family":"Shalayel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3134","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.11.34","article-title":"Asthma-related comorbidities","volume":"59","author":"Boulet LP","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"Pocket guide for asthma management and prevention for adults and children older than 5 years. Global initiative for asthma (updated 2016). Available at www.ginasthma.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","article-title":"Time trends and regional variation in prevalence of asthma and associated factors in Saudi Arabia-A systematic review and Meta-Analysis","author":"Hussain SM","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)63301-7","article-title":"Increased prevalence of asthma in Saudi Arabia","volume":"86","author":"Al Frayh AR","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/1220","article-title":"Obesity and Bariatric Surgery: Ultimate Need for Vitamin D Supplementation","volume":"10","author":"Alsareii SA","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacol J"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0196","article-title":"Drug Insight: the role of leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology\u2013emerging clinical applications","volume":"2","author":"Brennan AM","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.04.003","article-title":"Advances in understanding the interrelations between leptin resistance and obesity","volume":"130","author":"Pan H","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiology & Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27278-4","article-title":"Leptin Promotes Allergic Airway Inflammation through Targeting the Unfolded Protein Response Pathway","author":"Zheng H","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature (Scientific Reports)"},{"issue":"62","key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","first-page":"PA 1303","article-title":"Cytokines in asthma and obesity in children","volume":"52","author":"Krasteva N","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in the Outcome of Children With Severe Asthma","volume":"7","author":"Hatami H","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ped Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/rr40","article-title":"Th2 cytokines and asthma. Interleukin-4: its role in the pathogenesis of asthma, and targeting it for asthma treatment with interleukin-4 receptor antagonists","volume":"2","author":"Steinke JW","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2017.1283696","article-title":"Th-17 regulatory cytokines IL-21, IL-23, and IL-6 enhance neutrophil production of IL-17 cytokines during asthma","volume":"54","author":"Halwani R","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5359","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.11.5359","article-title":"Differential regulation of human eosinophil IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF receptor alpha-chain expression by cytokines: IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF down-regulate IL-5 receptor alpha expression with loss of IL-5 responsiveness, but up-regulate IL-3 receptor alpha expression","volume":"170","author":"Gregory B","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-015-0080-5","article-title":"Prevalence of asthma in Saudi adults: findings from a national household survey, 2013","volume":"15","author":"Moradi-Lakeh M","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"714","article-title":"Asthma control assessment using asthma control test among patients attending 5 tertiary care hospitals in Saudi Arabia","volume":"29","author":"Al-Jahdali HH","year":"2008","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"10118","key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32205-5","article-title":"After asthma: airways diseases need a new name and a revolution","volume":"391","author":"Kleinert S","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"654104","key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/654104","article-title":"Serum Leptin and Adiponectin Levels in Obese and Nonobese Asthmatic School Children in relation to Asthma Control","author":"Abdul Wahab A","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209130","article-title":"Mechanisms by which obesity impacts asthma","volume":"72","author":"Umetsu DT.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00270","article-title":"Asthma and Obesity in Children Are Independently Associated with Airway Dysanapsis","volume":"5","author":"Jones MH","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14004","DOI":"10.1038\/npjpcrm.2014.4","article-title":"Investigating the association between obesity and asthma in 6- to 8-year-old Saudi children: a matched case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Nahhas M","year":"2014","journal-title":"NPJ Prim Care Respir Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-1039OC","article-title":"Obesity and airway dysanapsis in children with and without asthma","volume":"195","author":"Forno E","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201608-1691OC","article-title":"Effects of Childhood Asthma on the Development of Obesity among School-aged Children","volume":"195","author":"Chen Z","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/1687-8426.158038","article-title":"Study of serum leptin level in obese and nonobese asthmatic patients","volume":"9","author":"Mohammed EA","year":"2015","journal-title":"Egypt J Bronchol"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2016.09.004","article-title":"Serum levels of adiponectin and leptin in asthmatic patients and its relation with asthma severity, lung function and BMI","volume":"45","author":"Nasiri Kalmarzi R","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046005","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/aa61c5","article-title":"Serum and exhaled breath condensate leptin levels in asthmatic and obesity children: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Bodini A","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Breath Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.33.1.542","article-title":"Interactions between the melanocortin system and leptin in control of sympathetic nerve traffic","volume":"33","author":"Haynes WG","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12856","article-title":"Association of leptin with disease severity and inflammation indicators in Chinese obese children with allergic rhinitis","volume":"29","author":"Liu W","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"9239","key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02834-8","article-title":"Risk of asthma in children with exposure to mite and cat allergens","volume":"356","author":"Grad R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg175","article-title":"Obesity and the Risk of Newly Diagnosed Asthma in School-age Children","volume":"158","author":"Gilliland FD","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530314666140526095211","article-title":"Characterization of the Immune Inflammatory Profile in Obese Asthmatic Children","volume":"14","author":"Magrone T","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20150812","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0812","article-title":"Pediatric Obesity-Related Asthma: The Role of Metabolic Dysregulation","volume":"137","author":"Vijayakanthi N","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.031468","article-title":"Association between leptin and asthma in adults","volume":"61","author":"Sood A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01872.x","article-title":"Obesity, adipokines and asthma","volume":"64","author":"Jartti T","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-542","article-title":"Higher body mass index may induce asthma among adolescents with preasthmatic symptoms: a prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Ho W","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422416000111","article-title":"Association between obesity and asthma\u2013epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical profile","volume":"29","author":"Muc M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition Research Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2012.747101","article-title":"Leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin levels in female patients with asthma during stable and exacerbation periods","volume":"50","author":"Tsaroucha A","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2016.1212367","article-title":"Gender differences in effects of obesity and asthma on adolescent lung function: Results from a population-based study","volume":"54","author":"Chen YC","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Asthma"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.7.581","article-title":"Association of body mass index with the development of methacholine airway hyperresponsiveness in men: The Normative Aging Study","volume":"57","author":"Litonjua AA","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01445","article-title":"Anti-Allergic Inflammatory Activity of Interleukin-37 Is Mediated by Novel Signaling Cascades in Human Eosinophils","volume":"9","author":"Zhu J","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","first-page":"86","article-title":"Relationship Between Obesity and Asthma","volume":"43","author":"Castro-Rodr\u00edguez JA.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S78049","article-title":"Benralizumab: a unique IL-5 inhibitor for severe asthma","volume":"9","author":"Tan LD","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"issue":"9998","key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00157-9","article-title":"Targeting the interleukin pathway in the treatment of asthma","volume":"336","author":"Chung KF.","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v23i1.67679","article-title":"Teaching corner: Adult asthma in Malawi","volume":"23","author":"Coleman M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malawi Medical Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S1579-2129(10)70126-9","article-title":"Inflammatory response of rapid onset asthma exacerbation","volume":"46","author":"Bellido-Casado J","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.10.016","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody therapy for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with eosinophilic inflammation","volume":"169","author":"Nixon J","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01032.x","article-title":"Human asthma phenotypes: from the clinic, to cytokines, and back again","volume":"242","author":"Bhakta NR","year":"2011","journal-title":"Imm Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-017-0163-3","article-title":"Observational study of Interleukin-21 (IL-21) does not distinguish Kawasaki disease from other causes of fever in children","volume":"15","author":"Engelberg R","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2005.01.001","article-title":"IL-21 effects on human IgE production in response to IL-4 or IL-13","volume":"231","author":"Wood N","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062206","article-title":"IL-21\u2013induced B? cell apoptosis mediated by natural killer T cells suppresses IgE responses","volume":"203","author":"Harada M","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med (JEM)"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9899.1000426","article-title":"The Relationship between Leptin, Adiponectin, Resistin and FoxP3+ Treg cells in Patients with Severe Asthma","volume":"7","author":"Kraszula L","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Cell Immunol"}],"container-title":["Annals of Saudi Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T22:15:32Z","timestamp":1664576132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.annsaudimed.net\/doi\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2019.295"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5144\/0256-4947.2019.295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2019.295","relation":{},"ISSN":["0256-4947","0975-4466"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0256-4947","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-4466","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}}}