{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:17:57Z","timestamp":1790421477779,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Saudi Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Hearing loss is an underestimated comorbid condition in type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Investigate hearing loss as a comorbidity associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and evaluate the factors associated with hearing loss.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>DESIGN:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cross-sectional.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>SETTING:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Tertiary care center, diabetes clinic.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>PATIENTS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Patients with type 2 diabetes, aged 30 to 60 years, were randomly selected to participate. All patients underwent clinical ear examinations and were referred for full audiological evaluation. Otoacoustic emission was used to assess inner function, tympanometry to assess middle-ear function, and pure tone air\/bone audiometry to assess hearing sensitivity. Risk factors for hearing loss were assessed by multivariate logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Frequency, severity and risk factors for hearing loss.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>SAMPLE SIZE:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>157<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Of the 157 patients, 77 had hearing loss in both ears (49.0%), 13 in the right ear only (8.3%), 14 in the left ear only (8.9%), and 53 (33.8%) had normal hearing. In the 181 ears with sensorineural hearing loss, 90 had mild loss (49.7%), 69 moderate loss (38.2%), 16 severe loss (8.8%) and 6 had profound loss (3.3%). Disabling hearing loss was observed in 46 (29%) patients. A higher frequency of hearing loss was present in patients with glycated hemoglobin levels \u22658%. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the most important factors associated with hearing loss were longer diabetes duration, poor glycemic control and the presence of hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Hearing loss is an underestimated comorbid condition in type 2 diabetes that warrants frequent hearing assessments and management. Strict glycemic and hypertension control is essential for the minimization of the effects of diabetes on hearing sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>LIMITATIONS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Small sample size, limited age window (30-60 years), which was chosen to eliminate the natural aging effect on hearing. Cross-sectional nature was not ideal for the assessment of causality.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONFLICT OF INTEREST:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>None.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2021.171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T09:04:13Z","timestamp":1622797453000},"page":"171-178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Hearing loss among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.5144","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3615-7192","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khalid","family":"Al-Rubeaan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Research and Scientific Center, Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murad","family":"AlMomani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of ENT, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha Khalaf","family":"AlGethami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Family Medicine Department, King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal","family":"Darandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Family Medicine, Prince Sultan Military Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alsalhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Research and Scientific Center, Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dehkra","family":"AlNaqeeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Research Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebtehal","family":"Almogbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima H.","family":"Almasaari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira M.","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Registry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3134","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"725","article-title":"Hearing loss in Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Pemmaiah K","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pemmaiah K, Srinivas D. Hearing loss in Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health 2011; 3: 725\u2013731.","journal-title":"International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Patterns of otorhinolaryngological disorders in subjects with diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Gazzaz Z","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gazzaz Z, Makhdom M, Dhafar K, Maimini O, Farooq M, Rasheed A. Patterns of otorhinolaryngological disorders in subjects with diabetes. International Medical Journal Malaysia 2011; 10: 13\u201316.","journal-title":"International Medical Journal Malaysia"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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Evaluation of hearing loss in juvenile insulin dependent patients with diabetes mellitus. 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