{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T12:46:23Z","timestamp":1747226783963,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Saudi Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Successful evaluation of a patient with stridor requires a thorough history and physical examination followed by a flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy (FFL), which provides visualization of the upper airway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Estimate the prevalence of causes of stridor in children who underwent FFL and compare different age groups. Find any significant associations between symptoms and laryngoscopic findings. Identify patients who needed further evaluation using direct laryngobronchoscopy (DLB).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>DESIGN:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective, cross-sectional.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>SETTING:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tertiary care center in Riyadh.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>PATIENTS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included all pediatric patients aged 1 month to 14 years who underwent fiberoptic laryngoscopy for stridor evaluation from January 2015 to January 2018 (37 months). Patients older than the age of 14 years, and patients with a workable diagnosis with adenotonsillar hypertrophy, choanal atresia, or laryngotracheo-bronchitis (croup) were excluded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings of FFL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>SAMPLE SIZE:<\/jats:title><jats:p>217 pediatric patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The median (interquartile range) age of the patients was 5 (8) months. Laryngomalacia was the most common diagnosis (n=149, 69%) followed by laryngopharyngeal reflux (n=42, 19%). Subglottic stenosis was the most common finding in patients who underwent DLB for further evaluation (n=19, 49%). Laryngomalacia was more frequent in children \u226412 months of age (83% vs 43% in children &gt;12 months,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.001). Vocal cord paralysis was more common in children &gt;12 months of age (27% vs 9%,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.001). FFL was effective in finding the diagnosis in 178 (82%) patients; only 39 (18%) patients needed further assessment using DLB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title><jats:p>FFL is an effective and important tool for evaluating patients with stridor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>LIMITATIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective design and single-centered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:<\/jats:title><jats:p>None.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2021.216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T12:42:44Z","timestamp":1636893764000},"page":"216-221","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Outcomes of flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy in patients with stridor: a cross-sectional study in a tertiary care pediatric center in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.5144","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5457-0576","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ghada","family":"Alsowailmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaber","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Saud","family":"Arafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afnan","family":"Alsahli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara Ibrahim","family":"Alshahwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aamir","family":"Omair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Alsafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3134","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"2289","article-title":"Diagnosis of stridor in children","volume":"60","author":"Leung AK","year":"1999","unstructured":"Leung AK, Cho H, Diagnosis of stridor in children. 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