{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T10:50:52Z","timestamp":1772794252282,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Saudi Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine-related complications are frequently observed in children in Oman. There are a few regional studies on BCG complications, but none from Oman.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Evaluate the spectrum of BCG-vaccine related complications and immune status in Omani children.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>DESIGN:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Retrospective cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>SETTING:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Referral tertiary hospital.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Children aged younger than 13 years old and with complications of BCG vaccination recorded from 2006-2018 were included in this study. Clinical characteristics, treatment, immune workup and outcome were reviewed from hospital records.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Different BCG vaccine-related complications categorized by the site of involvement.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>SAMPLE SIZE:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>226.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Of the 226 children had BCG-vaccine related complications, 99% received BCG vaccine immediately after birth. The median age of presentation was 4 months. The most common complication was isolated BCG lymphadenitis (85%, n=192), followed by BCG-related osteomyelitis (10.2%, n=23) and disseminated BCG infection (4.9%, n=11). The median age of presentation of disseminated BCG was 5 months, with different organs involved. Out of 11 children with disseminated BCG infection, 72.7% (n=8) had primary immune deficiency (PID), including chronic granulomatous disease (CGD, n=5), severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) (n=2); 1 patient had Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (IFNGR2 deficiency); 2 patients with PID not yet identified and the 1 with a non-specific PID had blood or saliva samples sent for whole-exome sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Because of the spectrum of BCG vaccine-related complications, including the most severe in children with PID, we suggest that delaying the BCG vaccine from birth to 6 months may prevent disseminated BCG diseases and their complications in children with PID because any PID will have been identified before 6 months. Further studies are needed to guide this recommendation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>LIMITATIONS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Single center-based study that may not provide a full overview of all BCG vaccine-related complications in Oman. Unavailability of details of some microbiological results and an inability to determine the detailed management for all patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONFLICT OF INTEREST:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>None.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2021.24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T21:07:25Z","timestamp":1612818445000},"page":"24-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine-related complications in children in Oman"],"prefix":"10.5144","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4872-561X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Badria","family":"Al Waili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasra","family":"Al Mufarajii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samiyah","family":"Al Hashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al Ajmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Orthopedics, Khoula Hospital, Mina Al Fahal, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nashat","family":"Al Sukaiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3134","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"BCG_Vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf [Internet]. 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