{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:34:34Z","timestamp":1788878074246,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Saudi Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease that is highly associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The reported prevalence of CD in patients with T1DM in Saudi Arabia varies and the number of studies is limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Determine the prevalence of CD diagnosed with anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) antibodies or by endoscopic biopsy in adolescents and adults with T1DM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>DESIGN:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional, retrospective medical record review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>SETTING:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tertiary care center.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>PATIENTS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study population included adolescents and adults with T1DM who were screened for CD between 2010 and 2019. The study variables included age, sex, age at diagnosis of T1DM, age of positive celiac screening, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total daily insulin dose, frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and other autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of celiac disease in adolescents and adults with T1DM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>SAMPLE SIZE:<\/jats:title><jats:p>539 patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of positive celiac test results was 11.5% (n=62). A small proportion (n=5, 8%) of the positive CD group was diagnosed with T1DM after they tested positive with the celiac screening test. Ten (16%) were diagnosed with T1DM and CD in the same year. The rest of the sample had a positive screening test after being diagnosed with T1DM. There was no statistically significant difference between the CD positive and negative groups for HbA1C, DKA frequency, microvascular complications of diabetes or thyroid disorder. For histopathological confirmation of CD, only 37% (n=23) of the group with a positive screening test underwent endoscopy. In this group, 43% (n=10) had normal endoscopic biopsy findings, 21.7% (n=5) had partial villous atrophy and 34.7% (n=8) had total villous atrophy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study highlights the importance of screening for CD in T1DM patients. CD prevalence is high in patients with T1DM, despite the high likelihood of underdiagnosis. Additional studies of different age groups and the use of different study methods are required. In addition, a unified national strategy to diagnose CD in T1DM patients is highly advisable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>LIMITATIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective, single-center, few confirmations of CD by intestinal biopsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONFLICT OF INTEREST:<\/jats:title><jats:p>None.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2021.71","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T12:14:36Z","timestamp":1617624876000},"page":"71-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The prevalence of celiac disease in Saudi patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.5144","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1401-5305","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammed Zaid","family":"Aljulifi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"From the King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moeber","family":"Mahzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"From the King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"From the College of of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lujain","family":"Alkhalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"From the King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"From the College of of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esra","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"From the King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"From the College of of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Mohammed","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Asir, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulwahed Abdulaziz","family":"Alotay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"From the King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3134","reference":[{"issue":"25","key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1113994","article-title":"Celiac disease","volume":"367","author":"Fasano A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fasano A, Catassi C. 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